Opportunity Cost Essay

Lets start with a small introduction to the topic Opportunity Cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of any activity measured in terms of the value of the next best alternative forgone (that is not chosen). It is the sacrifice related to the second best choice available to someone, or group, who has picked among several mutually exclusive choices. The opportunity cost is also the â€Å"cost† (as a lost benefit) of the forgone products after making a choice. Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics, and has been described as expressing â€Å"the basic relationship between scarcity and choice†. The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently. Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the real cost of output forgone, lost time, pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered opportunity costs. Now lets look at Opportunity Cost from the point of production. Opportunity costs may be assessed in the decision-making process of production. If the workers on a farm can produce either one million pounds of wheat or two million pounds of barley, then the opportunity cost of producing one pound of wheat is the two pounds of barley forgone (assuming the production possibilities frontier is linear). Firms would make rational decisions by weighing the sacrifices involved. Looking at Opportunity Cost from the point of Implicit and Explicit Cost. Implicit costs are the opportunity costs that in factors of production that a producer already owns. They are equivalent to what the factors could earn for the firm in alternative uses, either operated within the firm or rent out to other firms. For example, a firm pays $300 a month all year for rent on a warehouse that only holds product for six months each year. The firm could rent the warehouse out for the unused six months, at any price (assuming a year-long lease requirement), and that would be the cost that could be spent on other factors of production. Explicit costs are opportunity costs that involve direct monetary payment by producers. The opportunity cost of the factors of production not already owned by a producer is the price that the producer has to pay for them. For instance, a firm spends $100 on electrical power consumed, their opportunity cost is $100. The firm has sacrificed $100, which could have been spent on other factors of production. Now lets look at some real life examples from my life inorder to understand Opportunity Costs better. Opportunity Cost Examples that I myself have been across- I have only Rs 1000 to spend and I have two choices, I can eat at a nice restaurant or buy a good cricket bat instead. I spend my Rs 1000 on buying the cricket bat, then the opportunity cost of that choice is the delicious meal I did not choose and let go. Opportunity Cost also works in regards to time. Eg- I only have two hours of free time. I could either go to a movie or meet a friend of mine. I choose to spend my time at the movie, the opportunity cost of this decision is the time I could have spent enjoying the company of my friend. Here’s another example- When for the first time I decided to invest my saved money lying with me. I had two options that I could do with the money I had. My first choice was either investing in Mutual Funds or leave the money in a Savings Account that earns only 5% per year. I invested in Mutual Funds and it returned 10%, here I’ve benefited from my decision because the alternative would have been less profitable. However, if the Mutual Fund would have returned only 2% when I could have had 5% from the Savings Account, then my opportunity cost would have been (5% – 2% = 3%). To summarize Opportunity Cost, scarcity creates choice, and every choice has value to us. That value can be looked at in terms of benefits and in terms of cost. Value is not always measured in financial terms but sometimes measured in terms of time or enjoyment. The opportunity cost of a choice is what must be given up in order to take an opportunity. It’s not the opportunity we chose, but the value of the next best alternative we didn’t choose. Every major choice has an opportunity cost.

Case study: Authority and leadership Essay

Introduction Question 1: Julie’s advantages and disadvantages of belonging to a group As a leader, it is imperative to understand the personality differences and cultural diversity of the employees. This is one of the main advantages that Julie has as a leader. She will be managing a group of people, whom she knows their strengths and weakness. She understands who amongst the employees can be able to perform particular tasks or not. The second advantage is that she understands what she has to do to motivate the employees, and foster productivity within the institution. Having been with these friends, she understands pretty well their wishes, and how the company can assist in improving their morale. On the other hand, though, the main disadvantage will be the expectation of favours from the friends. For instance, they may want to be treated in a special way, like being given more off days, increase their salaries or reduce the amount of work that they have been performing. This may interfere with their productivity or lead to some conflicts (Allen, & Judd, 2009). Secondly, how to separate friendship and business may be a daunting task. The friends may fail to give her the respect that she deserves as a leader, which negatively affects the effectiveness and discipline within the institution. Question 2: how Julie will establish herself as a legitimate authority Julie will need to define the relationships, both at the workplace and out of the institution. She should let her friends know that she is a leader of the institution, and has a duty to perform and objectives to achieve. This will ensure that her friends respect her at the workplace, and learn how to draw a line and respect the boundaries of their relationships. Secondly, Julie should let her friends know that by respecting her, they will be submitting to the institution that has employed them. Her authority comes direct from the constitution establishing the health institution, and therefore everyone has the duty to obey, and perform their duties. Thirdly, she should treat everyone fairly, regardless of whether they are her friends or not. This will ensure that she is respected as a leader. Case study 2 Question 1: how to motivate oneself in the new position The new position in the workplace leads to a number of challenges. This may emanate from the fact that one is not familiar with the new environments, new systems and the capability to perform the tasks. Under this situation, the level of confidence may be affected, which on the other hand will interfere with performance. However, motivating oneself through positive attitude and thoughts will lead to productivity, and effectiveness (Bowling & Beehr, 2006). One should have the motivation to learn new tactics in the new position in order to become more competent. Question 2: motivation state of HIM staff At the time of assuming the position of director, the majority of the HIM staff had low morale that was affecting their work. This was attributed to the previous leadership that failed to focus on the growth and development of the staff members. The majority of them did not have the right skills to perform their duties, and this continued to affect their competence and motivational level. Question 3: proactive strategies to reduce conflicts From the podcast provided, conflicts are inevitable within an organization, but can be managed to avoid making affecting the normal operations. enhancing communication, and encouraging the employees to express their emotions are some of the proactive means that can be used to mitigate conflict in the workplace (Liu, Spector, & Shi, 2006). The managers should also be weary of the personality differences and cultural diversity, and seek to create harmony. References Allen, J. F., & Judd, B. B. (2009). Participation in decision-making and job satisfaction: Ideal and reality for male and female university faculty in the United States. Human Communication, 10(3), 157–179. Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998-1012. Liu, C., Spector, P. E., & Shi, L. (2007). Cross-National Job Stress: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(2), 209-239.

Some Theories of Personality Essay

Personality Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a number of personalities that people display in life in accordance with different life situations that they encounter or are living in. The most common personality that a typical person is likely to display today that has been described by Sigmund Freud is that of ego. This is so because in the most part of our lives, we rely on unconscious part of mind (George, 2010). This part is the source reality of what can be afforded, how and when. It controls our desires on the basis of what we really should have at a particular time and if we cannot afford it at that time, the ego informs a person to postpone it for another day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We are occasionally obliged to negate or repel becoming cognizant of some drives and thus, they in most cases manifest in a hidden form but the ego makes these drives real(George, 2010). Although human beings desire to have things that they think are of importance to them, this part of mind makes them aware of what they can afford or what they cannot afford. It is the ego that helps the typical person to relate things that he or she wants to the reality (Sow & Chan, 2010). It thus leads a person into looking for objects that can satisfy what he or she is in need of but because of the inability to acquire them, they compensate with some other source of satisfaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Relating to the world today, people are spending millions of money in search for self-realization through programs that are offered by several firms. These programs help them become enlightened and they quickly turn their lives around. To this end, these people feel that if they realize themselves, they will be able to live a happy life. They thus are willing to spend whatever the money they deem necessary to enroll in the programs that will help them realize themselves. Most of these individuals are wealthy or somewhat able of sustaining themselves if not wealthy but, they do not realize happiness in their wealth or ability. The only way they can get this happiness is through spending their money not on buying expensive possessions but by spending that money to seek for self-satisfaction (George, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly, depending on the level of needs, most people are driven by a desire to accumulate wealth in their life. As they perceive, being wealthy means being happy because, they can afford to buy all that they desire with their wealth. Therefore, they would do anything within their power to satisfy their desire. Sometimes, the justified means of acquiring wealth that have been dictated by the society may not favor such individuals. They are, therefore, driven by their desires to create other means to achieve their goals. These other means may be lawful for example, through investing or starting a business or may be unlawful for example, the selling of drugs, corruption, stealing, and forceful amassing among other illegal means (Sow& Chan, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, when one desire is achieved, the body keeps on yearning for more. Such individuals form a disease out of a habit in the process of satisfying their motivations (Weiten et al, 2011). They thus identify by the means in which they achieve their desires and this suppresses their perception on the existing societal laws. If the activity that they achieve their desires through is unlawful, they think of it as lawful and usual. Later on, after such individuals accumulate more wealth, they realize that the wealth is not enough to make them happy. At this point, they invest in programs that are geared towards achieving self-realization (Weiten et al, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such a personality affects a typical person’s behavior in several ways. First, he or she learns to balance between the lusty desires and the actual world expectations (Sow and Chan, 2010). When one is dominated by lusty desires, he or she is able to rationalize those desires through the use of ego personality. If the person allows the lusty desires personality to dominate, he or she goes against the societal norms or the stipulated laws. To this end, such a person is said to be a criminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, when an individual is driven by the desire to become wealthy through amassing of wealth either through conformity to stipulated laws or negating the laws, they are turned into wealth making machines whose role is to make wealth. This has contributed to failure in social structures such as the family because of the little time these individuals have to concentrate on building social relationships. No wonder the high rate of broken marriages and families. This has left the little children without the most basic contributors to their personality at early age namely; father and mother. Deficiency in personality development on children keeps on adding to the miseries of the world today (George, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through engagement in illegal means of satisfying an individual’s desire, the rate of crimes in the country keeps on rising. It becomes difficult for the individual to do what is right because the part of personality that is responsible for informing is numbed from recognizing the right from the wrong. This is dangerous because the individual would do anything to maintain his source of wealth. No wonder there are many assassinations in places subjugated by illegal business such as the drug vending cartels (Sow& Chan, 2010). References George,B. (2006). Personality Theories. Found online at: htttp://www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_freud.pdf Sow, Gaik and Chan, Wai. (2010). Personality Development. Found online at: http://elearning.ibc.ac.th/sites/default/files/personality%20development_0.pdfWeiten, W.,Dunn, D. & Hammer, E.Y. (2011). Psychology Applied to Modern Life; Adjustment in the 21st Century: Tenth Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Cengage. Source document

Social impact of the DIAMOND INDUSRTY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social impact of the DIAMOND INDUSRTY - Essay Example Diamond stones additionally may be structured under the high weights and temperatures at the site of shooting star sways. The precious stones structured throughout an effect may be generally junior, however a few shooting stars hold star dust, garbage from the demise of a star, which may incorporate jewel gems. One such shooting star is known to hold small precious stones in excess of 5 billion years of age. The bonds are framed when carbon is at high temperatures and under high weights. Characteristic precious stones are made where it counts down in the earth, about 180km underneath the surface, where high temperatures and weights exist commonly. Under the worlds hull is the shelf, which is made up of liquid shake, metals and different materials (Zoellner, 2007). Diamond stones are utilized for cutting glass and off and on again in the coarseness of streamlined sandpaper. Jewels are known for being the hardest characteristic known material on Earth. They must be scratched by an alternate precious stone consequently they are utilized for cleaning devices. Diamond mining or any kind of mining is obviously not reasonable. You burrow an opening; you take stuff out of the gap, and take it someplace else. In the long run, the gap uses up the stuff you were uncovering. That is not economical. In any case as a movement, precious stone mining might be made to help manageability. Firstly, we distinguish that advancement is important to dispense with destitution and to give monetary decisions to northern people groups (Davis, 1999). Incomes from Diamonds stones assume a key part in driving budgetary improvement. They are our single greatest investment affect, and invigorate development and venture. Our associations with governments and groups help us to change characteristic assets into imparted and enduring national fortune. The worldwide Diamonds stone industry utilizes in the ballpark of 10

Assess the effect of the French Revolution on the nature of the state Essay

Assess the effect of the French Revolution on the nature of the state and on relations between states - Essay Example The significance of the French Revolution became one that was used to redefine the national relationships that were a part of France. Redefining the French Revolution The French Revolution was caused by a series of events in the political realm that led to revolts and the desire for change. Each of these caused the general public to react with the belief that change needed to occur within France and that the national politics were only offering injustice to those that were within the region. There were several turning points described throughout the revolution, including the Fall of Bastille, massacre at Champ de Mars, fall of the monarchy and the rise of Napoleon. Each of these led to different proclamations and a sense of change that was associated with the revolution. These different components led to a sense of defining one’s position in France as well as how this was associated with those that were loyal to the government as opposed to individuals who held a position that led to revolt (Hunt, 53: 2004). The outcomes and divisions created from the French Revolution began with the precursors that were associated with this time in history. The main component was the political restructuring that was used so collective action could be taken during the revolution. Political structures were able to provide more dynamic opportunities during the revolution and defined the voices that were associated with the social movement. The most important concept with the structures were based on the policies that were divided, specifically which led to a change in relationships because of the division. Policy specific concepts were combined with state variations used during the revolution. This also formed with the policies causing the divisions among groups that were involved in the revolution. As the groups formed in favor or against the policies, it changed the nature of the state and created a different relationship with the overall political dynamics of France. Th is led to large scale structures that eventually changed the nature of France from the nature of the state and groups involved (Mcadam, McCarthy, Zald, 42: 1996). Defining the Nature of States There were several policies that became the central component of defining the nature of states. As groups began to look through policies and form a change in the states from societal status, were also noted areas of corruption that were pointed out. The main component was the division between those loyal to the French government and those opposed to the actions taken. The policies in place were defined by the monarchs and statesmen of the 17th century who had established a specific set of legalities for actions taken. This was based on the fiscal system and economic mediums that were used. The divisions over how the economics should work were divided by the groups of clergy, nobles and commons, all which debated as estates who were interested in the fiscal policies and justice system of France . These three groups then led to creating independent from the current fiscal system through the component of justice. The group divisions led to the creation of states and a different nature of how the economic concepts should work within France (Burke, 11:2000). The driving force behind the division not only led to a change with fiscal policy. The French Revolution also led to divisions by groups who were outside of the three main estates.

Government Website Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government Website Evaluation - Essay Example Next, the program talks with a Diplomat in Residence to discuss student internship with the America Department of State. The audience in the US Department website is students, who visit website to find opportunities for student internship. Students are the main stakeholders of this government website while the department has its website designers who carry out programming (Webdesign n.d.). Other stakeholders of this website are internal website users, including managers, marketing professionals, customer service reps, IT, and sales people. These stakeholders create programs in the website where students can find important information and learning facilities (Webdesign n.d.). Study level, age, location, and family backgrounds are some of the characteristics, which define audience members who visit the website. This website invites users or audiences to comment on a certain issue facing students within their class environments or the community. Students can achieve this, by sharing and chatting. Therefore, the opportunity engages students to contribute their story to the public by sharing their experiences. The search feature on this website helps students look for open opportunities for an internship. The internship program caters for all students in US institutions and uses a language that students can understand and comprehend. The tone of the writing is specifically tailored for students to easily understand. The government websites exhibit several ethos that are explained in its privacy policy and terms of use. The website highly regards the confidentiality of its users as outlined in its privacy policy. Trust and breaching of contracts are additional ethos detailed on the website. The purpose of the government website is to help the student start a new career in foreign countries. The opportunities detailed on the website give students an

Career Counseling 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career Counseling 3 - Essay Example ring the statistics for the state in which I intend to work as a practicing counselor – Texas – the figures are generally similar to the national average, with Texas being slightly higher in most categories: the state median for wages is $28.18, with the state average for annual counseling wages is $58, 600, and the prospective job prospects for the future within the state increasing by 31% in 2018. The videos related to the counseling profession were enlightening in a number of regards; for instance, the mental health counselor video demonstrated to great regard how the profession functions by providing real life depictions of counselors in action, it also described the requirements to become a counselor in the specific field, as well as discussing benefits and disadvantages. The Bureau of Labor statistics site information on the counseling profession was perhaps the most comprehensive of all the information supplied; I greatly appreciated the detailed discussions on t he nature of the work, the potential future employment opportunities, and the necessary qualifications for the profession. I completely agree with your assessment of the information on the designated sites. I also agree that the sites were very impressive with the extent of information they contained regarding labor statistics. For instance, the information on the employment trends, including median wages and future employment opportunities for the specific profession were very enlightening material. I also agreed with you on the significant details these sites held in regards to the state specific information; while nationwide information is relevant, to gain a true understanding of the employment environment it’s necessary to have this state specific information to gain a more realistic perspective on the actual career potential within the counseling field. Ultimately, I completely agree with your assessment of the information on the labor sites. There are a great many ways in which career

WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD - Essay Example That is, they outline that the most factor is the financial. In fact, they go into the depths to clarifying their research by considering the number factors for students solution, the way the students use their credit cards, how much money does the student have to pay for their loan, the amount of money the students owe from other people, whether students ever drop off school due to their financial problems or students reducing their credit cards for financial problems. They also consider whether students are open to share their financial problems with the professors about their loan debt and consumer debt. Through their findings, it is clear that the issue of burn of debt may ease if some programs of educating students are started in the schools. Therefore, it enhances financial control. In addition, in the section of the Relationship of students personality traits and psychosocial characteristics with academic retention their research is based on whether the characteristics of the achievers academic and non-achievers academically are similar in a way or they are completely different from each other. In fact, they did a sample to justify themselves by talking some student who were undergraduate students who were enrolled in the college programs and giving them a personality questionnaire and the collage student questionnaire whereby its aim was to measure the factors of psychosocial. After the research they found that in their MANOVAs and indepent t-tests that they have many differences such as the primary factors, globally personalities and even the pyschosiacil factors. In addition, their research shows that time management is affected by personal traits or the psychosocial either directly or indirectly. In fact, it shows that students have different characteristi cs and behaviors, therefore each student Is unique. In the section of the negative impact of time

Kerouac and Moon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kerouac and Moon - Essay Example These two people are Dean and Sal. In the course of their journeys around New York, there are several fascinating encounters the two friends come across that both enlightens their views and opinion about the American person and also gives them a peculiar identify of where they two of them also belong in the American society or system. On his part, Heat-Moon William Least in writing Blue Highways takes the story from the perspective of someone who is not meeting love right away but bitterness and pain. This was because the journey that is described in this book was embarked upon by someone who had just separated from his wife and also lost his lost. As a way of finding solace from not just the brighter side of life but the ugly part of it also, the voyager decides to travel along the rural part of America that is often marked by a blue line in Rand McNally road atlas and thus the Blue Highway. It could briefly be said that both works are similar because they are all based on journeys of the life of real people while the setting of the journeys and the causes of the journey brings out the differences in the two books. Likes among both writers Both authors exhibit in their writing and the narration of their journeys, certain things they like about America that are common in both instances. One of these is the seemingly clear love for alcohol. This is shown because Kerouac emphasizes his love for big party with alcohol (Kerouac, p. 53). Similarly, Moon reiterates his love to drink a lot of alcohol (Moon, p. 6). Clearly, reasons as to why these two writers both love the abundance of alcoholic drinks in America could be traced to the circumstances surrounding their trip. On the part of Kerouac, it could be said that he was just putting himself in the most common kind of mood that new friends and lovers put themselves in, which has to do with the sharing of drinks and alcohol to make themselves feel so good. On his part, Moon might have taken to the love for alcohol a s a way of dealing with the pain and grief that his heart bore. The love for alcohol is thus similar among the two writers but the reasons for liking alcohol is quite different. Both writers also exhibit their likeness for music and dancing. Though Moon traveled through the rural part of America and Kerouac travelled through New York, it is common to find that music and dance is something that is synonymous with all parts of America being it rural or urban. This is because while Kerouac who was in the heart of the city wrote that he loves music and dance (Kerouac, p. 53), Moon who was also in the rural setting also wrote that he loves to enjoy his life by dancing off his stress (Moon, p. 9). Regardless of this similarity however, it can be said that the sources of enjoyment that came with music and dance for the two writers were different. For instance in the city, one is likely to party in places like the discotheque or club while in the rural area, all that there is to offer are p ubs and little bars and restaurants. Again, there exist differences in terms of causes of action. This is because while Kerouac’s action was caused by the desire to make himself happy with his friend, Moon’s action was caused by the need to throw off his sorrows. Dislikes among both writers As normal people, it would not be every single thing that these two individuals see about America that they will love. This is especially so as the two had to travel around different places in America. Indeed once a person is travelling around; it is common that he fellow will come across different people and different events that will trigger the person’

Emotions make the world go round Essay Example for Free

Emotions make the world go round Essay Emotions are one of the unique traits of humans. Not all living things created by God were able to have emotions, only men are permitted to feel and express. Although animals have the ability to sense some things, it is not as powerful and as expressive as that of the humans. Human emotion speaks a thousand words†¦ in silent mode. What we have to understand when it comes to emotion is the reality that it comes from different factors which affects the cycle of emotion and feelings. Organism and environment has something to do with this but it is always linked to the question, â€Å"how do you feel? † which basically means that in emotions, feelings are essential (Kuhl, 1986). Do you ever wonder why a new born baby cries after his or her birth? Scientifically speaking, babies cry after birth because they are cold but there is a long story behind this one which we will not elaborate anymore. Looking in another aspect, away from science, babies cry because it signifies their ability to live. It serves as a sign that they are alive and it assures the people inside the delivery room about the baby’s existence. Looking at this situation through science’s perspective, an infant’s emotion is more likely associated with both conditioning and stimulation. Remember that around four (4) minutes before the baby is born, something happens inside his or her body which triggers the crying when the time to get out of the mother’s womb comes (Morley, 2002). On the other hand, when the baby is already born, we all know that the doctor taps the baby which ignites a little sense of feeling or sensitivity on the baby’s side. Therefore, conditioning and stimulation happens before and after the baby is born, thus, it is clear that there is really an effect both inside and outside the baby’s body. Although science can explain almost everything in life including emotions and feelings, in the end, it does not really matter that much when you were used in feeling and not thinking too much. Emotions are reactions in everything which happens to you. Others might associate it with adrenalin rush but thinking outside the box, emotions were proofs regarding your humanity. It is not the basis of weakness but instead, it is the sign that you are alive and doing well. Many people were not able to express their emotions like anger, fear happiness and sadness and decide to go to medical doctors for check ups. Perhaps, this is one proof that emotions are not just a thing in our life but ability. Works Cited Kuhl, J. (1986). Motivation and information processing: A new look at decision making, dynamic change, and action control. In R. M. Sorrentino E. T. Higgins (Eds. ), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 404-434). Chichester: Wiley. Morly, G. M. (2002). Why Do Babies Cry? The Anatomical and Physiological Changes During the Moments After Birth. http://www. cordclamp. com/Why Do Babies Cr1. htm

Distinguish Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Commerce Essay

Distinguish Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Commerce Essay Personnel Management is an independent function of an organization whereas HRM is considered to be an intrinsic part of an organizations workings. HRM has a much broader scope as it involves personnel and management tasks while developing teams of workers for the benefit of the organization by working to their maximum level of efficiency (Ulrich, 2005).   Personnel management have a tendency or have idea to motivate employees using external factors such as rewards and praises. By this way employee satisfaction is use as improve performances. And HRM believes how to implement and effective uses of the strategy make better performance and thus results in employee satisfaction. (Truss Gratton, 2004). PM is as describe a reaction based style of management, it is providing feedback to concerns and response when demanded. But HRM is more practical and provides ongoing strategy to improve the organisations workforce (Ulrich, 2005). 1.2 Assess the function of the human resource management in contributing to organisational purposes HRMs main function is to recruit, select, train and develop staff. It means finding the right people, training and developing them, so they can achieve their potential and creating systems which is leading to success of the organisation through high levels of morale and motivation (Mockler, 2002).  Ã‚   So Yo Dud need a HRM manager to make all department up-to-date means they use different types of training such as ongoing, training framework, care skills, health safety, legal and multi- skill. Jack will understand that motivated employees are essential for the continued growth of the Yo Dud magazine. HRM personals provide its staff with an ongoing and continuous training and development programme with appropriate and timely reward and recognition. The various levels of the company are well supported with work groups, strategies to meet new challenges and a chance to move higher up the order. Appraisal is a very important part of Human Resource Management (Fombrun et al, 1994). And it can helps Jack to get the desired result and get success. 1.3 Evaluate the role and responsibilities of line managers in human resource management The roles and responsibilities of Human Resource managers at any organization are demanding and vital. In Yo dud have strategically integrated HR into their overall plans. Managers have been to utilise aspects of HR in their decision making.  Ã‚  HRM managers have to balance organisational needs with the individuals expectations. Some employees will develop their career with one employer, while others require transferable skills. The manager requires employees with the right skills to ensure and sustain competitive advantage. They put increased emphasis on staff training and try to incorporate the learning into the organization. There is constant reviewing of the intervention and adjustments are made where necessary. It is also up to the HRM managers to see that the employers are motivated. 1.4 Analyse the impact of the legal and regulatory framework on human resource management Legal and regulatory requirements of HRM require protecting employees from unfair discrimination at the workplace. Define the 40 hour work week, the pay rate for working overtime and the minimum wage. It also requires protecting employee investments in their pensions. So Yo Dud need to go through a good beneficial scheme which is provides long-term benefits to their employees. Require that firms provide the same pay for men and women who are doing the same work. Labour relations describe the process by which unions can be formed and indicate what the parties can and cannot do. Provide clean and safe environment at the work place. Prevent unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours other inappropriate verbal and physical conduct or hostile conditions. So these terms will be strict to maintain and aware legal restrictions. Task 2.1 Analyse the reasons for human resource planning in organisations The main goal of human resource planning is to ensure that a company always has candidates lined up to fill a new available post or position so that time and productivity are not lost. Long delay times in between one departure and new hire could be more weigh on the company. Forecasting is an important factor of the process that can tell how long the process to hire new employee, and make speedy the process. In case of when the large number of employee needed and job market is stiff for workers with requiring skills, then HR department will have to secure these workers. And it will be more difficult when the rivals are also seeking people with these skills, and secure the new talents to step up recruiting efforts and increase compensation packages to attract talent (Grant, 2005). If a company did not engage in human resource planning, it would not know how difficult it would be to hire the necessary workers until too late. Potential employees would be lost to rivals, and the  business  would be unable to build the team it needs.. This helps the HR department to stay in pace with the needs of staff and employees for Tesco. 2.2 Outline the stages involved in planning human resource requirements Stage 1: Establish a Competency Architecture and Competency Dictionary that will support Strategic Human Resource Planning. For each group to be profiled, define the roles and career streams to help identify current and future human resources needs. Determine how competencies will be integrated with the existing HR Planning process and systems (e.g., Human Resource Information Management systems; other computer-based tools, for example forecasting models) (Grant, 2005). Stage 2: Build or revamp HR Planning tools, templates and processes to incorporate elements as determined in Stage 1.Train managers and / or facilitate corporate HR Planning process. Continuously monitor and improve processes, tools and systems to support HR Planning (Grant, 2005). 2.3 Compare the recruitment and selection process in two organisations Need to seek the process, Jack For the development of their magazine, Tesco: As the market leader in the UK, Tesco mainly uses the means of in-store advertising, local agency and recommendations from existing employees to recruit. Meanwhile, Tesco chooses the new staff through online video conferences which favour the rapidest efficiency as well. In addition, unlike other common businesses, the interviews at Tesco will be conducted by the line manager in order to build up the loyalty with the recruit and help to make decisions. Sky B2B: The core elements of Sky B2B recruitment and selection process are similar to that of Tesco. They pay important attention to the reasonable treatment of its staff. The most focus is to deal with its candidates with its equality and diversity policy at all times. That policy is framed to recruit and select people without discrimination as well as aim to choose employees with the diverse personality and ability. But the aspect that is different is they tend to select and recruit employees based on their skills and technical ability due to the nature of their business. 2.4 Evaluate the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection techniques in two organisations Workforce planning is important for any organisation if they have to meet their future demands for staff. It is a way to train their existing staff to get responsive new staff to fill the vacancies (Armstrong, 1992). So if the Yo Dud goes through this technique then they will get talented employees which can improve the performance of the company and get the desired outcome and they can grow new job talents or job opportunities, including management, graduate, school leaver and apprentice posts. They need to have people with the right skills and behaviours to support its growth and development and have clear organizational structures, detailed job descriptions and person specifications. It has provides a user-friendly way, that is indicating how can applying for jobs and reliable approach to recruitment and selection. It can fulfil and manage the demanding need of staff. Task 3.1 Assess the link between motivational theory and reward Motivation is a concept used to describe the factors within an individual which produce, maintain and channel behaviour towards a targeting goal.  Motivation is a complex concept. Remuneration is also complex.  According to People thinking, that money is a motivator. Money does have an effect, but motivation is not just money and involves lots of things. It wills Positive effects coming through good financial and non-financial rewards (Grant, 2005). It is very important to motivate employees fro the growth of the organisation. Managers can create a positive environment and employees feel comfortable and motivate towards the organisational goal and some of their own goals. These goals could be appreciation of hard work,  a sense of achievement,  responsibility and empowerment,  opportunity for advancement, and a sense of challenge and enjoyment. There sis many non financial rewards also helpful to make an employee motivate. Rewards come through many ways like health benefits, flexibility in working time, staff discount, shares of the company etc. Financial compensation is an important factor to motivate employees and non financial rewards also make long term effects on the mind of the employee. So it is your (organisational) responsibility to ensure they using all the available resources to motivate them (Ulrich,2005). 3.2 Evaluate the process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay Definition: Job evaluation is the generic term applied to a variety of ways in which the relative worth or value of different jobs may be established. It helps to determine internal relativities by relating different rates of pay to different elements in the job (Truss Gratton, 2004). Lets start with the one of the UKs leading retailers example every year Tesco invites staff to and arrange a satisfaction within their employees to find about their job aspects it is called viewpoint. It aims to identify how much more valuable one job is in relation to another and so lay the foundations for a fair and orderly pay structure. One of the most widely known examples of schemes which have been developed by individual management consultancy companies is the Hay scheme. In its original form this relies on three factors know-how, problem solving, and accountability (Ulrich, 2005).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Know-how is the sum of every kind of knowledge; skill and experience required for standard acceptable job performance. Problem solving is the self-starting thinking required by the job for analysing, evaluating, creating, reasoning, arriving and drawing conclusions. Accountability is the answerability for action and for the consequences of that action. It is measured effect of the job on end results (Fombrum et al, 2004).   While job evaluation is concerned with the value which companies put on jobs pay can also be focused on the individual and group i.e. pay is linked to assessment of individual or team performance, skills, competence or contribution. It could be skill based or performance based. Tesco uses a performance related method to reward its employees by bonuses and promotion (Grant, 2005). 3.3 Assess the effectiveness of reward systems in different contexts The reward system is good method to keep the employees motivated. Reward will be given thorough annual, weekly, or monthly bases or hourly rate of pay for a capable worker to perform a job (Armstrong, 1992). Reward power will be involve on two factors; First, indirect pay which is coming through giving a lifestyle break, free or reduced health benefits, discount gym membership, staff discount and company share options. Secondly, non-financial rewards which are the intrinsic rewards related to peoples needs and expectations such as those provided by any organisation which include career development and opportunities for personal development by providing a career break. Achievement, recognition and responsibility are some of the other intrinsic rewards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main aim of the rewards system is to Attract enough recruits with the right qualities and qualifications to satisfy organisational requirements. Retain employees with the core skills and competencies needed by the organisation. Motivate employees with a view to improving their on-the-job performance and commitment to the organisation. (Grant, 2005) The HRM is a department which puts a lot of stress on their reward system in order to apply its effectiveness. The idea that it might be possible to match a payment system and a set of circumstances in such a way as to achieve stated objectives deserves consideration. 3.4 Examine the methods organisations use to monitor employee performance In an effective organization, assignments and projects are monitored continually. Monitoring is a time after time measuring and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their progress toward achieving goals (Ulrich, 2005). Regulatory requirements for monitoring system is that which comparing employees performance according to the required standards. The process is provides the opportunity to review the performance how well employee meet the programmed standards and to make changes to unrealistic or problematic standards. So monitoring process is a way to avoid and rectify the unacceptable performances and provide the assistance. With this process an organisation can get better support to its staff on all level and thats why they are able to monitor and also assist when needed (Mockler, 2002). Task 4.1 Identify the reasons for cessation of employment with an organisation Resignation An employee can resign, or terminate his own employment, for a number of reasons. like employee is not satisfied with the job or unhappy, and could get better offer for the same job and some time some personal reason also effects their decision to leave the job. If the employee resigns, then employer need to find the cause behind and arrange interview to verify the cause, and employer should ask for the resignation in writing and retain that documentation (Fombrun et al, 1994). Layoff If there is a lack of work, if the company is in financial trouble, and May the specific job is not necessary or not needed then the company can layoff employee. So this process will be under the legal regulation. For example it is under the notification of the employee, Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, employers must give employees advance notice of closings and layoff. It is make employee and their family to adjust and make new arrangement for them or seeking unemployment benefits (Fombrun et al, 1994). Merger/Buyout A merger is another possible cause to affect the employees. Even though the employer doesnt want to do so, in some cases employers offer a severance package to employees terminated under these circumstances (Boxall, 1992). For Cause It happens when employee behaviour effects the companys reputation and other workers. For instance, if employee making some falsifier their time card or physically attacks a co worker, and this will be the cause of their termination, then employer should systematically document the employees behaviour when terminating Them (Boxall, 1992). Poor Performance Poor performance is other biggest cause of employee termination when employee doesnt fulfil their job commitment and fail to comply with the position. Before terminates that employee, employer will given the time to rectify the deficiency performance and given a time frame to keep correct it. And the documentation also needed before termination of the employee (Fombrun et al, 1994). 4.2 Describe the employment exit procedures used by two organisations Employment exit procedure used at a software company Every day in companies, people begin and terminate their employment. This continual movement of people can, and often does, result in a major security exposure, specifically in cases of employee separation. It is not uncommon to hear stories of retribution by terminated employees who feel they have been treated unfairly. This may be in the form of computer hacking, sabotage, illegal entry onto company property, and other forms of wrongdoing. The damage caused can be severe and can seriously affect the company and its employees. An  employee exit procedure  should be formally prepared, documented, and published to provide consistency for managers in dealing with terminated employees, i.e., items to be collected from an employee leaving the company, and computer / system access to be expediently inactivated. Briefly, as an example, the manager of an employee leaving the company should do the following: Collect keys, parking passes, ID cards, access cards, company credit cards, and travel call cards. Collect any off-site equipment, such as computers, cell phones, and pagers.   Arrange to have network IDs disabled, and delete or inactivate any other system access. Deactivate voice mail, and remove or re-assign phones. Employment exit procedure commonly used in Banks Resignation letter in written form Process on resignation letter Employee exit interview Acceptance of resignation Exit check list Clean out the office desk, files, etc, and return all supplies to production, take all personal belongings. Return all company credit cards Hand in all copies of reports and manuals Delete software from personal laptops or home computers 4.3 Consider the impact of the legal and regulatory framework on employment cessation arrangements Upon receiving notice to layoff and redesign job descriptions of employees, specific areas were reviewed in order to make a decision that would provide the best outcome for the company.  Ã‚  These areas include job performance, productivity, special achievements, job responsibility, educational qualifications, absenteeism and status (Truss Gratton, 2004). Length of service should play a role to make decision for reduction in company (non union) but it should be taken into thought along with skill level. An employee can not save their job only because of the several year services with the organisation. So an employee needs to be reviewing their performance (Fombrun et al, 1994). An existing employee is assets of the organisation because of their best services and know how to performing and cop with requirement and he/she is a strong candidate because new employee needs to further training to meet the required standard. So one very important thing is that new hire may have lots of experience and education than employee then who have been with the organization, this is complex, which will need to be taken into consideration. Some of the employees that have been with the organization for a long time may be looking to retire or would be interested in a severance package (Ulrich, 2005). Longest service generally is the basis of determining severance payment for every one but it is considering the most senior employee. One weeks salary per year of service is the most common term, based severance benefit for exempt and non-exempt employees, while two weeks is the median for officers and other executives (Truss Gratton, 2004).

Gender Differences in Fear of Crime Anxiety

Gender Differences in Fear of Crime Anxiety Qualitative Data Analysis Using Open Coding Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995 Introduction This is a Qualitative Data Analysis done on the data set of â€Å"Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995†. Qualitative Research is development of concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than experimental) settings, giving due emphasis to the meanings, experiences and views of the participants (Pope and Mays, 1995, 311:42-45). Qualitative Data Analysis is used in market research to congregate a thorough insight of human behaviour and the rationale behind such behaviour. It tries to clarify the why and how of decision making rather than focusing only on what, where and when (Hamersley, 2013). In this report efforts have been made to understand the behaviour of two people (one male and other female) – both white unemployed below the age of 18 and belonging to high crime area. The report will try to analyse the data collected with respect to Gender Difference, Anxiety and Fear of Crime. Methodology and Research Design The objective of using qualitative research method for this project is to: To describe individual experience. To describe group norms. To describe variations. To describe and explain relationships. According to Merriam (2009), some of the commonly used qualitative research methods include the following methods: Generic Qualititative Research involving a free approach as per the research project in hand. Ethnographic Research also called methodology of the people. Grounded Theory, an inductive type of research, is developed on the data obtained from sources like interviews, surveys, observation, review of records and quantitative data. Phenomology is the study of live experiences encountered by the participants. Philosophical Research, conducted by professional experts is used to ascertain ethics, clarify definitions or to make an important finding related to their specific field of study. Critical Social Research is used to understand the communication between people and the development of symbolic meanings. Ethical Inquiry studies the ethics related to rights, duties, choices, etc. Foundational Research studies the basis for science, analyzes beliefs and comes up with ways to identify how the existing knowledge can be changed with regard to new information. Historical Research studies the past and present in respect to the present scenario and helps to solve current issues. Framework Method wherein data is collected by transcribing interview or creating field notes while conducting participant observation or observing objects or social situations. It can be said to be a combination of Grounded Theory and Phenomology methods. In this project I have employed Framework Method because it has the following features: Simultaneous collection and analysis of data. Creation of analytic codes and categories developed from data and not by pre-consisting conceptualisations. Discovery of basic social processes in the data. Inductive construction of abstract theories. Theoretical sampling to refine categories. Integration of categories into a theoretical framework. Qualitative researchers typically employ the following methods for gathering information:Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials. In this project unstructured in-depth interviews using open-ended questions (without any preset questions) were conducted. The interview started with broad questions (related to the topic) and continued based on the participant’s response. An appropriate sample size for a qualitative study is one that adequately answers the research questions. For simple questions or very detailed studies, this might be in single figures; for complex questions large samples and a variety of sampling techniques might be necessary. There are three broad approaches to selecting a sample for a qualitative study (Marshal 1996): Convenience Sample: This involves the selection of most accessible selection. Judgement Sample: The most productive sample is selected to answer the research question. This can involved developing a framework of the variables that might influence and individual’s contribution and will be based on the researcher’s knowledge of the research area, the available literature and evidence from the study itself. Theoretical Sample: Theoretical sampling necessitates building interpretative theories from the emerging data and selecting a new sample to examine and elaborate on this theory. In practice, qualitative sampling requires a flexible, pragmatic approach. I have taken a sample data that includes a female and a male- both white, unemployed, belonging to high crime area and in the age group of 16-17. The participants belonging to different sex can give a true picture related to the influence of gender on the study being conducted. The female will be referred to as Participant 1 and the male will be referred to as Participant 2 in the coding table. Comparisons are made between the experiences of both the participants. Secondarydata is data collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data forsocial scienceincludecensuses, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies orqualitative research.Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research. As is the case inprimary research, secondary data can be obtained from two different research strands: Quantitative: Census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases. Qualitative:Semi-structuredandstructured interviewsfocus group’stranscripts,field notes,observationrecords and other personal, research-related documents. I have used the interviews (qualitative research) conducted as my secondary source for data analysis. Procedure of Framework Method Analysis: According to the Framework Method procedures (Adams. et. al 2007; Gale, 2013), the following steps were followed: Stage 1: Transcription According to Adams. et. al (2007), A transcript of the interview must be made. Context is of primary importance. A word to word transcription for both the interviews has been made. Adequate spacing has been provided in the transcripts for coding and making notes. Both the transcripts are in comparable formatting. I checked all transcripts for errors by listening back to the audio-recording and reading the transcripts simultaneously. Stage 2: Familiarisation with the interview According to Gale (2013), getting acclimatized with the transcript is an important part of this method. For best interpretation I have tried to understand the interview thoroughly by going through the interview transcripts repeatedly. Familiarisation through reading and making notes in this way also enabled me to find my way easily around the pages of transcript later in the analysis. Stage 3: Coding While reading the transcript line by line, the researcher should apply a label or code that portrays what they have inferred as important. In more inductive studies, at this stage ‘open coding’ takes place, i.e. coding anything that might be relevant from as many different perspectives as possible (Adams. et. al 2007). Concepts should be named appropriately; because â€Å"people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.† Open Coding includes labelling concepts, defining and developing categories based on their properties and dimensions. (Bulmer, 1969). Codes could refer to substantive things (e.g. particular behaviours, incidents or structures), values (e.g. those that inform or underpin certain statements, such as a belief in evidence-based medicine or in patient choice), emotions (e.g. sorrow, frustration, love) and more impressionistic/methodological elements (e.g. interviewee found something difficult to explain, interviewee became emotional, interviewer felt uncomfortable). Coding aims to classify all of the data so that it can be compared systematically with other parts of the data set. I have used open coding for this research project. I have used â€Å"in vivo codes† i.e. words that participants have used in the interview for coding (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Stage 4: Developing a working analytical framework According to Adams et. al (2007), a set of codes to be applied to all subsequent transcripts should be finalized. Codes can be grouped together into categories (using a tree diagram if helpful), which are then clearly defined to form a working analytical framework. It is always worth having an ‘other’ code under each category to avoid ignoring data that does not fit; the analytical framework is never ‘final’ until the last transcript has been coded.The framework consists of twenty-three codes clustered into four categories each with brief description of their meanings and examples of what ideas and or elements might be summarized under that code. The codes used in this data analysis and their descriptions are mentioned below: In the above table, four categories have been made by grouping codes having similarities based on their common properties. Stage 5: Applying the analytical framework The working analytical framework is then applied by indexing subsequent transcripts using the existing categories and codes. Each code is usually assigned a number or abbreviation for easy identification (and so the full names of the codes do not have to be written out each time) and written directly onto the transcripts (Gale, 2013). Stage 6: Charting data into the framework matrix According to Adams et. al (2007) and Gale (2013), qualitative data are voluminous and being able to manage and summarize data is a vital aspect of the analysis process. A spreadsheet is used to generate a matrix and the data are ‘charted’ into the matrix. Charting involves summarizing the data by category from each transcript. Good charting requires an ability to strike a balance between reducing the data on the one hand and retaining the original meanings and ‘feel’ of the interviewees’ words on the other. The chart should include references to interesting or illustrative quotations. The data has been summarized using the attached Microsoft Excel for each category. As shown below, the matrix for this project comprises of one code in each row per participant. Data has been abstracted from transcripts for each participant and code, summarised it using verbatim words and placed it into correct cells of the matrix. A separate sheet has been used for each category (Please refer to the attached Microsoft Excel file for the details). Stage 7: Interpreting the data Characteristics of and differences between the data are identified, perhaps generating typologies, interrogating theoretical concepts (either prior concepts or ones emerging from the data) or mapping connections between categories to explore relationships and/or causality (Adams. et. al 2007). Themes were generated from the data set by reviewing the matrix and making connections within and between participant and categories. Analysis and conclusion has been done keeping the codes active using the constant comparative method asking (Glaser Strauss, 1978) What is actually happening here? Under what conditions does this happen? What is this data a study of? What category does this incident indicate? The creation of theory is based on a core category. Without zeroing on a core category the framework method will become irrelevant and unworkable. The core category accounts for most of the variation of data and therefore most other categories relate to it in some way. The core category is a more highly abstracted category but still must remain grounded in the data. The major categories are related to the core category and these categories show how the core category works in the lives of participants. From the matrix table (in the attached excel file) we can conclude that the core category is â€Å"Affects of crime† as it gives an overview into the data set with respect to gender difference and the consequence of crime mainly anxiety and fear of crime. The different codes of â€Å"Affects of crime† are presented in the matrix table(attached excel sheet) with relevant quotes from the interview. All the other categories – places of crime, forms of crime and tools used in crime are related to this core category. The following conclusions can be made from the matrix of the data with respect to the project objective of â€Å"Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995†. 1. Gender Difference: Usually females are not involved in fighting or killing activities in the area. It was only on rare occasions that they were involved in fighting: â€Å"And they were wi us, and they knew that Donna hadnt said nowt cos like wed been knocking about with them for a bit, and they knew that Donna wouldnt have said owt like that. But they never like went to stop Sarah from itting er, and I were only person who stopped Sarah from itting er, cos like she adnt done nowt wrong.†(Participant 1, p.11) Usually the males are involved in illegal activities like scraping, shoplifting, fighting on the streets, burgling and vandalizing because they do not have any other good means of earning: â€Å"Well I know I started like getting into crime, you know, from coming up onto estate. I think its all things that appen on estate you know crime. So thats only thing that I can really do on estate. Cant get a job where  £29.50. Int worth it, end of day. So just go scrapping and things like that.à ¢â‚¬ (Participant 2, p.1) Both the genders do not show much keenness in studies and have dropped out of school without any fixed future plans of pursuing further education: â€Å"Dont know. cos like na I dont know I dont want to miss I like going out and doing different things every day. Not same thing every day. cos school, used to get up, get dressed, go to school, come ome from school, ave me tea, go out, go to bed. Get up, get dressed, go to school, come back, ave me tea, go to bed. So it were same all time.†(Participant 1,p.22). â€Å" I used to get since I moved from Area 45 I went to school. I used to feel that teachers were getting at me all time. I walked into class, itd be one of them. Dont start messing.†( Participant 2, p.4) 2. Anxiety and fear of crime: Activities like threatening, burgling, brick throwing and fighting on the streets have led to a feeling of fear and anxiety especially amongst the female population: â€Å"I was scared. I werent old. I were about 9 or 10.'[Participant1, p.7] They experience insecurity, are scared and nervous because of these activities. They have sleep disorders like nightmares. :† Sometimes I still ave dreams. You know dreams about im, and I wake up screaming. [Participant1, p.16] The males get physically hurt due to being involved in these activities. Males also feel highly insecure due to the violent and dangerous environment in the area as well as the activities they are involved in: â€Å"I said es messing wi bird, so Ive it im. and this kid stood at side, whacked me in face. And all me face were puffed up down ere. And I ad concussion for like a week. [Participant2, p.14] 4. Conclusion Framework methodology was used in the research. In-depth unstructured questions were used for the interview. The interview continued with the flow of response from the participants. The participants were probed to know about their experience of living in the area, the forms of crime they faced or were indulged in, their security concerns, the fear and anxiety resulting from the crimes, etc. They were encouraged to share their experience in detail with the interviewer. Both the genders (male and female) are feeling scared, insecure and anxious because of their surroundings especially because of the crime scenario in the area. Crime in the form of burgling, killing, fighting, etc. could take place anywhere without any substantial reason and in any place like houses, cars, streets, etc. People were not safe in their own houses also. However, the situation seems to have improved over a period of time. 5. Suggestions for future research Would the scenario have been different if the youngsters would have completed their schooling and had they been given better employment opportunities? Would the area become a better and safer place to stay in with crime rate reducing drastically. References: Adams, J., Khan, H. T., Raeside, R., White, D. (2007). Research methods for graduate business and social science students. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Calman,L. What is Grounded Theory. The University of Manchestar. Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.[online] Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/117 [Accessed 21 April 2014]. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. Hammersley, M. (2013). What is Qualitative Research? What Is? Research Methods. London: Continuum/Bloomsbury. Marshal,M.N.1996. ‘Sampling for Qualitative Research’, Family Practice, vol 13, no.6, pp. 522-525. Maykut†, P. and Morehouse†, R .(1994). Beginning Qualitative Research, A Philosophic and Practical Guide, London: The Falmer Press. Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Pope, C. and Mays, N. 1995. Qualitative Research: Rigour and qualitative research. BMJ. Seidal, J.V. 1998. [pdf]. Available at: ftp://ftp.qualisresearch.com/pub/qda.pdf [Accessed 22 April 2014]. Qualitative Research Designs. Available at: http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html[Accessed 23 April 2014] 1

Due Process vs. Crime Control Model :: Criminal Justice

Due Process vs. Crime Control Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two models of crime that have been opposing each other for years are the due process model and the crime control model. The due process model is the principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards. ( Answers.Com) Any person that is charged with a crime is required to have their rights protected by the criminal justice system under the due process model. The crime control model for law enforcement is based on the assumption of absolute reliability of police fact-finding, treats arrestees as if they are already found guilty. (Crime control model) This paper will compare and contrast the role that the due process and crime control models have on shaping criminal procedure policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the differences between the due process model and the crime control model are in the due process model people that are arrested are perceived to be innocent until proven in a court of law. The crime control model believes that the people that are arrested are guilty and need to be punished by the government. Another difference with both models is the due process model believes that policing within the criminal justice system is essential to maintaining justice within society. The crime control model believes that the arresting of people in the criminal justice system has a negative effect and slows down the process of the criminal justice system. One more difference is the due process model believes in the rights of the defendants and proving their guilt is essential to keep the government in control. The crime control model believes that the rights of the defendant cost too much and the criminal justice system should be spending more money on recruiting p olice officers and building prisons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although both models have some differences, they also have some similarities. The due process model and the crime control model both believe that the defense counsel’s job is to act as an advocate within the criminal justice system. Another similarity of both models is they both believe that criminals should be punished if they violated the law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There seems to be more differences than similarities between the due process model and the crime control model.

A view from the bridge †Arthur Miller :: English Literature

A view from the bridge – How does Arthur Miller A view from the bridge – How does Arthur Miller prepare the audience for the dramatic events at the end of the play? Arthur Miller was born in New York City on the 17th of October 1915. The son of a small businessman, Miller worked in a warehouse after graduating from high school. When he saved enough money he attended the University of Michigan. During the Second World War Miller moved to New York where he began writing plays. A View from the bridge was written in 1955, it was partly based on the idea that his parents were both immigrants into the United States. When writing the play Miller was trying to create a real life story, concerning a tragedy of ordinary people. In the late 1940’s Miller became interested in the workers of New York’s Brooklyn Harbour, which was where he had previously worked. Writing this play allowed him to express his feelings towards poorly paid workers; most of whom were immigrants. The first character introduced in the play is Alfieri; he is a ‘big time lawyer’, who speaks a recognizable standard American English, unlike everybody else featured in the play. Alfieri is a very mysterious character; he is constantly appearing and disappearing into the shadows, or the ‘black of the night,’ which leaves an impact on the audience as they are curious to whom this person is and what his role is in the play. He basically recites the prologue and epilogue to the play and comments on the main action. The audience are constantly kept on their feet guessing as to what will happen to the relationship between Eddie Carbone and Catherine. Instantly they realize that throughout the play there will be a lot of conflict between these two characters. However they are not sure what all the arguments will result in. The most anticipating moment of the play is the final scene; Miller has prepared the audience for this ending throughout the play. Miller creates plenty of tension during this scene, because there are a number of endings that can be used, the audience is eager to find out which one will take place. Miller had prepared a number of endings but thought that the chosen ending would have the most effect. Another possible option to end the play was Eddie committing suicide, although this is very dramatic, it did not suit Eddie’s character. Miller describes Eddie as a strong-minded man, who is always willing to fight for what he wants. Therefore the chosen ending was much more effective as Eddie didn’t

Problems of the Society Essay

Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behaviour cannot be legislated. The topic very well states that many of the problems faced by the modern world cannot be solved by laws and legal system for the reason that the moral behaviour responsible for these problems cannot be legalised. To start with the very usage of words like ‘sorry’ , ‘please’ , ‘thanks’ cannot be forced by the law eventhough these words have a very high impact on the people in their day to day to activities. It is just the moral responsibility or a reflection of the moral behaviour of a person in doing so. Law can only confine or restrict a individuals physical presence but not his thoughts and perceptions. The very fact that people have a lot of rights in a democratic country restricts the law and puts it into a backseat in controlling the moral behaviour of the people. It is for the people to act justly. A number of Prohibition experiments conducted by the Government to control the consumption of alcohol failed miserably. People never gave up and found new ways of acquiring alcohol inspite of many restrictions from the govt. It is the people who have to understand the ill-effects of alcohol on the society and act accordingly. We have also witnessed a number of cases where people suffering with AIDS are ostracized by the community. Legal system can only help support these people physically/financially but not morally. It is the people who have to understand and act accordingly. One important problem faced by most of the countries is that of Pollution. There are many laws enacted by the Govt. to control pollution. No doubt that these laws are helpful in controlling pollution till a extent but the real control and effect of these laws is put to question. There are factories who would prefer to do away with the rules and regulation by paying up fine/penalty for not adhering to the norms instead of regulating their methods of production because they find it more convenient financially doing so. Air pollution can also be controlled by growing sense of awareness within the people using automobiles say the usage of multi-modal transport whenver possible instead of their personal cars and/or maintaining a sound condition of the engine of the vehicle. Instead law cannot make it mandatory for people to travel only by multi-modal transport system.

Programming and Commercial Effects on Children Essay

Many parents are not aware that commercial programming can have the same effect on child’s cognitive learning as the programming the children are watching. The Merriman-Webster (2012) dictionary defines cognitive as, â€Å"Of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity (as thinking, reasoning, or remembering). † Research has been done on children’s programming as well as commercial television to show the effects on today’s youth. Even though suggestive adult humor can be found in children’s programming, the impact commercials have toward children is just as important to watch. Television can provide opportunity for children to learn however it should not be a teacher or babysitter for today’s youth. Questions like, â€Å"If a program is scheduled at all hours of the day and into the night, does this make it appropriate for younger children to watch? † should be just one of the many parents should ask when allowing children to watch specific television programming. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence today’s youth. With today’s ability to view children’s programming on a multitude of different stations and different channels for each station, it is amazing on how much of today’s programming for young children have hidden layers of adult humor. Television writers put subtle instances of adult humor in to children’s programming which allows for them to draw in ratings from a wider range of viewers. Rice (2009) conducted a study on popular children’s cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants in which it states the show is directed toward an age group of approximately 2 to 11 year olds, however research shows that it has a variety of audiences in all age groups. Nearly a quarter (22%) of the viewers ranged from ages 18 to 49. Along with this research, Rice also notes on the schedule of the show to emphasize how it is directed toward a large range of viewers. The show was slotted to air between early morning hours to even later hours, up until close to midnight which by then most of the targeted age group would ave been in bed for a few hours by the time of airing. Rice also recorded subject analysis data for several age groups. In information collected from high school students, the majority of them seem to identify with the shows side kick known as Patrick Star. â€Å"A large majority of respondents say they watch the show because it is â€Å"funny,† â€Å"entertaining,† and â€Å"hilarious† (Rice, 2009, paragraph, 46). On the other hand, when college students were polled they more or less chose to watch because it helped them unwind from a stressful day, possibly like a treat for their bran after a hard day of class work. If a show that is targeted for a much younger age group has a relaxing type of effect, it would be interesting to see how it influences the target age group. When children’s programming is actually aimed towards a large range of viewers how adults choose what their children should watch could have an important impact on how they develop. In recent, years television networks an writers have taken a more proactive approach in educating youth through television programming. Some of this can be seen by the creation of junior channels. Channels like Nick Jr. or Disney Jr. ave created programming geared toward preschoolers and toddlers that use colors and characters to peak their interests. One of the more influential television stations that support child develop has been the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). PBS has had constant influence in child development with shows like Sesame Street and Barney & Friends and now offer new programming like Bob the Builder, Teletubbies and Thomas & Friends. These shows focus on learning in the early stages of a preschoolers development by reaching the alphabet, numbers, dancing, singing and even emotional responses. According to â€Å"The Journal of Media Literacy† (2012), â€Å"To capture and hold viewer attention, each Dora episode features a linear narrative shaped around a high-stakes adventure with serious consequences. It calls upon viewers to interact with the television to help Dora overcome a series of structured challenges. When children hear that they did a good job or a positive response, they tend to want to interact more and thus keeps them interested in the programming. Along with current programming on television, networks have started developing DVD’s to sell to parents when current programming might not peak a child’s interests. Big Companies like Disney, the Brainy Baby Company and Sesame Workshop have started developing age specific programming. When a large company starts to invest in developmental programming, it gives a better sense of satisfaction as the brand is well known. DVD series like Baby Einstein, Brainy Baby and Sesame Beginnings all have their own niche and targeted age range however all promote development and learning. Kikorian, Wartella, and Anderson (2008) state shows like Baby Einstein target viewers from as young as one month old and covers a wide range of topics such as music, art, language and poetry while Sesame Beginnings targets children starting at six months of age. This show features younger versions of the Muppets of Sesame Street and promote interaction between children and their caregivers. Kikoran et al. (2008) also discussed the unique effect of television on children under the age of two and suggests that some research shows that exposure to television during the first few years of life may be associated with poorer cognitive development. This question could be geared toward the overall television experience which includes commercials and the actual programming. With the importance of what is appropriate for children to watch in television, parents seem to be more concerned with actual programming then what is played in between. However, studies have shown that these commercials can be just as influential to our youth. With promotion of movie trailers, current television shows and video games violence is in pure view for children to see and it is less monitored then the actual program. In order to track this data, the authors in an article in the Journal of Advertising had to define how children and their parents viewed violence. For the children defining violence was much more broad as one child responded with, â€Å"Violent is fighting with weapons, with swords, blood, and gore† and another stated, â€Å"Violence is bleeding really bad. Sometimes it’s when somebody falls down and they’re scratched or bleeding really bad† (Brocato et al. 2010). Parents were more unified with defining violence with violence consisting of blood, gore and death. Children seem to think that it is the mother that stresses the importance of them not watching while the fathers feel it is alright as long as they are watching it with them. Both parents shared a common theme in that the commercials are not the issue but the actual programming. Parents also shared that by being present they could address sensitive issues like violence when it happens. Reading through the study it was surprising to see possible limitations that could have address more issues. Parents could have been asked while being present when the issue arose how did the child react to the situation. Another question that might have been asked is how did the child react to the actual discussion about the topic. Was the child more interested in the programming or on what the parents had to say. Ultimately the article had a good basis for what were the more glaring issues and how both the parents and children valued what was played in commercials. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence today’s youth. This could be from how they act from watching their favorite television program, to desiring a new toy or video game that was currently seen on a commercial. Parents should take the time to watch what their children are watching. One way to see how a child’s favorite program can affect them is to watch the program without the child and then with the child. When watched alone write down instances that might be inappropriate or that draw questions. As the child sits through the program watch how they react to certain situation and then discuss with them on what is positive and what is negative. With correct supervision and discussions, parents have the ability to be a part of the education process with today’s youth.

The Courage of Soldiers

1.Describe the life of Pauline and her siblings.Pauline and her siblings lived a life filled with fear. She was taught at a very young age about the challenges that her parents had gone through in order for her and her sibling to lead a better life. Pauline and her siblings faced physical abuse from their demanding and controlling father. Only the letter ‘A’ was accepted on their school report caard†¦ anything below that deserved a wack with a stick from their abusive father.2.Make a list of the pressures the children in the Ngyuen family faced growing up with their parents.†¢ Worked at the restaurant before and after school†¢Had to attend maths school, Vietnamese school, cooking school, debating and martial arts. They were expected to do all this and had to get top grades at school. 3.What were the father’s methods of discipline? Which do you consider to be worse and why? The father’s methods of discipline were physical abuse and public humi liation. I personally consider public humiliation to be worse because parents who publicly humiliate a child don’t do it for the child's own good but to demonstrate the act of power play over the child. When we are publically humiliated in front of our peers, family and friends, we feel like a raw wound that everybody feels free to rub salt in. They feel utterly open to the judgment of the world and utterly powerless to change it or to take care of themselves while experiencing it.People will judge and as social beings, the opinions of others matter a lot. When they faced the physical abuse, it happened at home and they were able to hide their wounds, when it was done publicly though they couldn’t hide. They had to bear the shame in front of the world. 4.Children raised in abusive environments like Pauline, find it more difficult to define their individual identity and achieve a sense of belonging. Do you agree.Please explain. Yes I do agree that children raised in abu sive environments like Pauline, find it more difficult to define their individual identity and achieve a sense of belonging. This is because that those who face such difficult situations everyday are constricted and aren’t able to roam around and find out who they really are. Because of this constriction it is also hard for them to find a sense of belonging because they are constantly trying to please their parents. 5.Provide several quotes and page that show clearly how Pauline felit living with her parents. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fear dominated every day of my childhood. Fear and dog shit covering the yard were the smells of my childhood.† Pg. 292 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"He had never attempted to get to know or understand his children.† Pg. 294 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"My father controlled every hour of our day and when any situation fell out of his control, we suffered the full force of his anger.† Pg. 293 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is ironic that we in turn had to escape the tyranny of his rul e to find freedom for ourselves.† Pg. 2946.Describe how Pauline might have felt when she ran away from home. What thoughts would have been going through her mind? Pauline might have felt scared, unsure and frightened when she ran away from home. She would have been worried for her brothers, who is going to look after them? What will happen if her dad finds her? Can she do this? Feelings of doubt would have taken over her but she overcame this and decided to finally do something for herself. 7.What do you think of Pauline’s decision to leave home?I think Pauline’s decision to leave home was the right thing to do. She had to get out of there sooner or later. She had to venture out in the real world and find her individual identity and her sense of belonging.8.How did Pauline’s experiences at home affect her in life? What kind of a person has she become? Pauline’s experiences at home affected her life in such a way that she has become9.Why did Pauline continue to inform her father of her academic achievements after she left home? Pauline continued to inform her father of her academic achievements after she left home because she wanted him to know that his words had still stuck with her. ‘Aim high, hold strong ambitions for your future.’ Pg. 296.10.Why is the story titled ‘The Courage of Soldiers’? Is this a fitting title? What title would you have given the story? Yes the title, The Courage of Soldiers, is a fitting title. The courage that soldiers is the same level  of courage the Pauline and her siblings had. I would title this story as ‘ The Courage of Soldiers’ as well. 11.Why did Pauline’s father behave in the way he did?Pauline’s father behaved in the way that he did because he wanted the best for his children. He wanted his children to lead a traditional life and. The way that he implemented his beliefs on his children was wrong though. He was very dominating and never really bothered to know his children. He was over protective and wanted total control over his children.

Neonatal Nursing

Nursery/Neonatal Nurse Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursery Nursing A Nursery Nurse is a nurse who provides medical care for newborns and infants. Although they usually work in hospital nurseries, some work in outpatient care centers or private residences, providing in-home care for sick infants. Nursery nurses can also be categorized as neonatal (newborn) or pediatric nurses, depending on the age group they serve.Nursery Nurses may have a different title but perform many of the same duties as RNs and LPNs, including: administering treatments, medications, tests, and procedures, assisting physicians, creating or updating patient care plans, maintaining patient records and other duties but this all depends on the nursery level in which they work. I would like to be a nursery/neonatal nurse because I love working with newborns, I want to be challenged in my career, and I want to have a rewarding/successful profession. I would love to become a Nursery/neonatal nurse.I love newborns, t hey are little bundles of joy and I can be trusted to care for them. It’s not an easy job as some people would think. Not all babies come out â€Å"healthy† some are born with defects and need special care and that’s where we come in. Before this class I just knew I wanted to be a nurse but I was lost with finding which nursing role was for me. I went through six different nurse titles and I believe this one suits me the best. Now that I know what kind of nurse I want to be I can make sure I’m taking all the right classes and working harder to become a nursery nurse.Becoming a Nursery Nurse takes training, experience and education. You would need working knowledge of health and safety, good communication skills, ability to work with a team, NNEB, CACHE level 3, NVQ level 2/3 or equivalent, previous experience working within a similar environment and a little bit more. You have to ask yourself am I physical, emotional and spiritual prepared to care for chi ldren, can I distract them during unpleasant procedures. I have asked myself these questions and I am ready to care for others children.As I have said before this role is not easy and it will challenge me to become a great Nursery Nurse to take great care of newborns. More advanced roles will usually require additional training and/or experience. There is an organization called NHS employing organizations that may provide support to nursery assistants and nursery nurses, working towards relevant qualifications. Becoming a Nursery Nurse is rewarding because considering that newborns don’t talk, their non-verbal signs need to be decoded by nursing professionals. To me this is an important skill because if we don’t know what the babies need we can’t take care of them.They can identify and interpret signs babies display, because of alterations in their health, and proper care can be delivered and shared with family members. Understanding of the child's pain or other behaviors can be transmitted to the family members. I can imagine how these nurses feel knowing that they’re making the babies healthy and happy. Nursery nursing care is an interactional process of three channels: it involves interactions between the professional/newborn and professional/newborn and family (Pinheiro EM, Siiva MJP, Angelo A, Ribeiro CA). Although the work is non-stop according to payscale. om (2010) â€Å"the average salary with an advanced degree is $80,000†. It couldn’t get any better when you love going to work every day and getting paid a good amount of money while doing it. Nursing is a great career to invest in if you love helping people. I love helping people but I would prefer to work with babies because they are helpless and need people like me who are dedicated to only them. I will stay in school and get the best education I can to advance in my career. I feel this profession will fulfill my dreams and I will have a rewarding career.Re ferences Caleeda (2007). Nursery nurse. From http://www. caleeda. co. uk/page24/page32/page32. html Crown copyright. NURSERY NURSE AND NURSERY ASISTANT. (2006) http://www. nhscareers. nhs. uk/explore-by-career/wider-healthcare-team/careers-in-the-wider-healthcare-team/corporate-services/nursery-nursenursery-assistant/ Pinheiro, E. , Silva, M. , Angelo, M. , ; Ribeiro, C. (2008). The meaning of interaction between nursing professionals and newborns/families in a hospital setting. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem (RLAE), 16(6), 1012-1018. .

Ethics and social responsiblity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics and social responsiblity - Essay Example These incidents are all manifestations of the failure of companies to act in a socially responsible manner. Always, at the other end of the supply chain – the consumers – bear the brunt of the failure of companies to act responsibly. For which reason, this research paper is now being carried out in order to establish ways with which the general public and concerned authorities can evaluate if a company is behaving in a socially responsible manner. This paper shall consider the growing role of ethical considerations in business, as well as the different moral philosophies and ethical standpoints related to CSR. It shall also consider ethics and corruption in its discussion. Practical examples shall be used in order to answer the details needed in this paper. This paper is being conducted in order to establish a comprehensive evaluation of corporate social responsibility and how the general public can be guided in their patronage and purchase of the various products and s ervices in the market. Discussion Corporate social responsibility defined Before any discussion or evaluation of this subject matter can be carried out, it is important to first understand and lay out a standard definition and conceptualization of corporate social responsibility, otherwise known as CSR. ... It is defined more in detail by Carroll (as cited by Kanji, 2009, p. 102) as a pyramid with four distinct elements. The first is economic responsibility; the second is, legal responsibility; the third is ethical responsibility; and the fourth is discretionary responsibility which is otherwise equivalent to philanthropy. This definition however is still considered incomplete because it does not take into consideration the dynamic relationship between corporations and society. The above definitions can be conceptualized on a more comprehensive plain when the elements of social fairness, ethics, environmental rights, human rights are all considered in the management of corporations (Kanji, 2009, p. 102). These elements all have standards of compliance and all help build knowledge and a strong basis for the evaluation of CSR among corporations. Approaches to evaluating CSR There are different ways of evaluating whether or not a company is acting in a socially responsible way. Schermerhor n, Jr. (2010, p. 70) suggests that a company’s CSR performance can be measured based on the following criteria: economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, and discretionary responsibility. In essence, evaluating a corporation is taking note of the following: 1. Economic responsibility: Is the organization profitable? 2. Legal responsibility: Is the company obeying the law? 3. Ethical responsibility: Is the company doing what is â€Å"right?† 4. Discretionary responsibility: Is the organization contributing to the broader community? (Schermerhorn, Jr., 2010, p. 70). In the current age of the globalized market, mass consumerism has now become the running trend. For corporations wanting to fulfil their CSR, their ability to