Victimology Essay Example

Victimology Essay Table of contents Section A – Definition of Secondary Victimisation – Secondary Victimisation in the tribunal procedure – Article – Discussion of article – Decision P. 3 p. 3 p. 3 p. 4 p. 6 p. 6 Section B – Introduction – Definition – Victims rights in footings of victim impact statements And the legal proviso made for them in South Africa – Decision We will write a custom essay sample on Victimology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Victimology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Victimology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer p. 7 p. 7 p. 7 Bibliography p. 9 2 p. 7 p. 8 Section A Definition of Secondary victimisation Secondary exploitation can be defined as the insensitive. victim-blaming attitudes. behaviors and patterns held by establishments and community service suppliers ensuing in extra injury for an already traumatised victim of offense. particularly for those who are victims of a sexual offense such as colza or molestation. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //rapecrisis. org. za/ ) . Secondary exploitation in the tribunal procedure Reporting a offense and traveling through the condemnable justness procedure is normally where secondary exploitation starts when describing a sexual offense to the constabulary. the victim is frequently left feeling exposed and slightly embarrassed about what happened. The victim is bombarded with many inquiries and paper work and they receive really small emotional support. The victim may experience that he/she has to live over the offense. This can be highly overpowering to the victim and intensifies the injury. In many instances the victim is discouraged by household members to even describe the offense. allow alone ballad charges ( UNISA Study Guide for CMY3705. p71 ) The victim may experience that he/she has small support and is left experiencing stray and entirely. Geting the instance to tribunal is a drawn-out. sulky and disorganized procedure and a really frustrating one at that. The victim normally wants to acquire the whole procedure over and done with every bit shortly as possible so that he/she can come to footings with the traumatic event and travel on with their lives. When the instance finally does stop up in tribunal the victim may experience overwhelmed by the strange and unknown environment and by the fact that he/she does non hold extended cognition of the tribunal procedure ; it is all really unfamiliar and really daunting. Quite frequently the victim is non told why he/she is being asked certain inquiries and is non kept updated on the advancement of the probe or the test. All of these factors intensify the injury that the victim is sing. ( UNISA Study Guide for CMY3705. p71 ) A big lending factor to the fact that certain establishments may do secondary exploitation is the deficiency of cognition or the retention of certain beliefs refering to ravish or sexual offenses. Some people may accept certain types of myths and stereotypes about colza which leads them to handling the victim insensitively. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //rapecrisis. org. za/ ) . 3 Article Women’s Month: One in Nine Campaign: The 1 in 9 run started out concentrating on the one adult female in nine who reports being raped. but has moved on to seek besides include the other eight subsisters. says Kwezilomso Ndazayo. Anyone who followed the Jacob Zuma colza test in 2006 shortly became familiar with the sight of groups of adult females outside the courtroom. have oning violet jerseies and bearing posters naming for justness. The run was born at that place. because the adult female who had laid the charge was one of our clients and we supported her. explains Kwezilomso Ndazayo. undertaking officer for the run. The research shows that merely one adult female in nine will take a colza instance to the condemnable justness system – we realized that those who dared to talk out needed our support. For many adult females. the cost of seeing a colza instance through the condemnable justness system is merely excessively high – peculiarly as strong belief rates are so low. Many adult females say that the tribunal procedure makes it experience as if they are being raped once more. This secondary victimization frequently begins from the minute they set pes in a constabulary station or infirmary. peculiarly if they are from a marginalized group such as tribades or hapless on the job category adult females. The strong belief rate is so dismaying that many subsisters see no point in subjecting themselves to a procedure that can take five old ages. if they have no religion in acquiring a strong belief. Part of the job is the innocent victim discourse frequently played out in the media. in which any adult female who is a sapphic. HIV positive. who drinks intoxicant or has of all time engaged in consensual sex is seen as blameworthy and non meriting of regard and compassion. non to advert justness. For illustration. there has been a batch of research looking at how force against adult females puts them at hazard of undertaking HIV. Now we are looking at it from another angle: how does being HIV positive put adult females at hazard of force? Kwezilomso says the Zuma instance raised legion issues about HIV. gender and civilization and helped members of the run to see that non merely should they go on but that they needed to broaden their attack. Just because the other eight adult females don’t follow the justness system path. it doesn’t mean they are non talking out in other ways. In a society that has normalized the abnormal and which appears complacent about the inordinately high degree of force against adult females and kids. the members of the run are determined to maintain talking out. Its of import that we holding voices that point out that this is non an acceptable province for adult females to be populating in. It besides helps subsisters by confirming that this is non normal. At the same clip we are cognizant of the effects of adult females talking truth to power and are careful non to jeopardize members of the run. 4 One in Nine is a member-based run that does protagonism in a assortment of ways. from running Young Women’s Leadership programmes across the states. to classs with the CDP on Art as Advocacy where adult females create their ain run stuffs such as jerseies and streamers. We are presently roll uping a usher written for colza subsisters by subsisters. This is of import. as most other ushers are written by faculty members or militants. but lone subsisters who have themselves have been through the system can state them what to anticipate. Kwezilomso besides points out that while the condemnable justness system is the most obvious symbol of the failure to protect adult females. there are many other sites of power that have an impact on women’s lives. runing from Parliament to the wellness system to the constabulary force. The province demands to be held accountable for issues like the backlog in the justness system. and we encourage active citizenship to guarantee that responsibility carriers do what they are supposed to make. But the full system is stacked against adult females. Even if there was a different authorities in office. the same system would stay. The province is a tool of control. to set people in their topographic point and close them up. The bigger inquiry is how we transform society. from the underside right up to the highest office in the land. The 16 Dayss of Activism run has come in for a batch of unfavorable judgment. and some militants believe it has been hijacked by authorities and does little but supply public dealingss chances for curates who quickly forget about the issues come January. Perhaps as a sector we need to pass more clip measuring the impact of the 16 Days. but I wouldn’t call for it to be scrapped wholly. Of class there are likely excessively many fancy dinners. but each platform provides us an chance to prosecute and seek to make positive alteration. And if the nature of some of these events is debatable. so we should utilize the chance to reflect a visible radiation on that. The good thing about 16 Dayss is that it gets the issues out into the unfastened and allows people a infinite to get down speaking about them. Despite the activism of many candidates. rates of force against adult females and kids in South Africa continue to lift. While we have progressive statute law and a one of the best Fundamental laws in the universe. it seems our society is out of measure with the values it professes to keep. Is there a hereafter for these runs? Obviously this is non traveling to alter nightlong. and possibly in 50 old ages clip South Africa will be a better topographic point for adult females and kids. But that doesn’t mean we should halt seeking. It is really of import that we continue to talk and be heard and guarantee that South Africans understand this is non the sort of society they want to populate in. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. shukumisa. org. za/index. php/2011/08/womens-month-one-in-ninecampaig n/ ) 5 Discussion of the article This article provides a perfect illustration of why secondary exploitation takes topographic point in tribunal. As mentioned. the condemnable justness system frequently fails colza victims due to the low strong belief rate and the insensitive mode in which the victims are treated. The consequence is that many victims are discouraged to describe colza instances due to the fact that they feel they are non being heard and that they are being treated with small self-respect and regard. If this was non the instance at that place would most likely be an addition in studies taking to a higher strong belief rate. The rights of victims are being abused and undermined by the condemnable justness system and it is left up to private administrations and NGO’s to take attention of these victims. It is a sad province of personal businesss and the duty of protecting the rights of victims should be shifted back to the condemnable justness system. That is how it should hold been from twenty-four hours one! Decision From the treatment above it is obvious that drastic steps need to be taken in order to better the condemnable justness system to such an extent that secondary exploitation is cut down to a lower limit. Victims of sexual offenses or any offense for that affair should hold no uncertainty in their heads that the condemnable justness system is in topographic point in order to help them in their times of demand and should experience safe and accepted while traveling through the procedure of the condemnable justness system. In my sentiment this procedure will get down every bit shortly as there is a general alteration in the mentality and point of position that the members of these establishments hold. 6 Section B Introduction It has been debated whether or non a victim of offense should take part in the condemnable prosecution procedure and if so to what extent they are allowed to take part. In South Africa. legal proviso was made for victim impact statements due to the fact that for even the most trained professional. it is impossible to to the full grok what the victim might be sing and the sum of enduring that the victim has to digest. This was pointed out by the South African Law Commission ( 2002:68 ) . ( UNISA Study Guide for CMY3705. p. 77 ) Definition A victim impact statement is a written or unwritten statement made as portion of the judicial legal procedure. which allows a victim of offense the chance to talk during the sentencing of their aggressor or at subsequent word hearings. In some cases videotaped statements are permitted. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Victim_impact_statement ) A victim impact statement is document that is written by the victim explicating in their ain words what they experienced during the clip that the offense was being committed against them. A victim in this instance besides refers to the indirect victims such as close household members of the victim or an oculus informant. Victims’ rights in footings of impact statements and the legal proviso for them in South Africa Previously. the chief aim of any condemnable justness system was to find whether a suspect of a offense was guilty or non and more frequently than non the constitutional rights of victims were overlooked during this procedure. Gradually this began to alter and the undermentioned rights were awarded to South Africa and are to the full covered in the Constitution of The Republic of South Africa Act 1008 of 1996 in chapter two: ? Right to protection from injury ? The right to be notified of tribunal proceedings ? The right to be notified about bond ? The right to be informed of parole hearings ? The right to the prompt return of belongings 7 Along with these rights. victims were besides granted the right to take portion in the condemnable prosecution procedure by supplying their ain history of their experiences in the signifier of a victim impact statement. Legal proviso was made for victim impact statements when the South African Law Commission recommended the inclusion of a clause on victim impact statements in either unwritten or written signifier in the Sentence Framework Bill with the certain reserves: Decision A victim impact statement can be seen as a manner to authorise victims and give them a sense of intent during the condemnable prosecution procedure. It allows them to set into word precisely what they are sing on many degrees. It is a really of import portion of the prosecution procedure as it may find whether or non the accused will be sentenced every bit good as the length of the sentence. In my personal sentiment I feel that a victim impact statement is the most important oart of the prosecution procedure. 8 Bibliography Section A ? ? ? hypertext transfer protocol: //rapecrisis. org. za/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. shukumisa. org. za/index. php/2011/08/womens-month-one-in-ninecampaign/ UNISA Study Guide for CMY3705. p71 Section B ? ? UNISA Study Guide for CMY3705. p. 77 hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Victim_impact_statement 9

Judgin Distances Analysis Essays

Judgin Distances Analysis Essays Judgin Distances Analysis Essay Judgin Distances Analysis Essay Ashwin Sambathkumar Mrs. Fields AP English 10/28/13 Judging Distances Analysis In Judging Distances by Henry Reed it is indicated that there are two voices speaking within the poem because they both have a different style of speaking. The first voice seems to be starting sentences such as, Not only how far away, but the way you say it is it. (1). The second voice then steps in to finish the latters sentence, Is very Important. Perhaps you may never get the knack of Judging a distance, but at east you know. (2-3). The changes in the speaker happens every line. The First speaker is explaining concepts such as: saying distance between objects the correct way, and how maps are of time of time not place. The second speaker acknowledges the first speaker and tells him, Again, you know. (9). The first speaker can be characterized as a beginner who Just recently Joined the army. He is unsure on how to speak in a militaristic fashion. The second speaker is a higher ranking official with any years of experience. He teaching the new recruit and is correcting him on how to speak properly, Moderately satisfactory only l The human begins, now: in what direction are they, (32, 34). The first speaker makes assertions such as, sheep may be safely grazing or The still white dwellings are like a mirage in the heat. The first speaker is still young and naive. He doesnt understand the world too well yet. The second speaker is more world wary and cautions the first against making over-sure remarks.

America Online and Time Warner Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

America Online and Time Warner - Case Study Example Since then, this merger has been regarded as one of the biggest corporate mismanagement examples in the realm of managing telecommunication network and media companies. The case study unveils a number of issues that are big threats to the telecom sector and media companies globally. In 2010, media analyst Tim Arango of the New York Times attempted to throw some light on the merger between AOL and Time Warner that took place a decade ago from then. In analyzing the reason behind the merger, Arango remarks that at the wake of the 21st century, experts in telecomm and media industries were expected Internet was going to become the main medium of content delivery and entertainment all over the world, replacing and/or amalgamating the various traditional media and content delivery systems of that time. However, this was the main issue with the decision makers at both AOL and Time Warner. AOL’s business outreach and technological equipment and expertise were not as robust as to handle the huge industrial momentum of Time Warner. Probably, AOL managers were thinking well ahead of their time. A scrutiny of scientific literature suggests that Internet technologies were not as advanced at that time as to facilitate all the services needed for international distrib ution of various types of contents. Even in the middle of the first decade of the new millennium, scientists were striving to establish a sufficiently powerful architecture for the purpose of â€Å"pervasive content delivery† (Su and Chi, 82). Clearly, Internet technologies had limited strength during the merger between AOL and Time Warner. The case study thus helps us to understand that we need a really powerful and futuristic computing system to ensure Internet based content delivery of all kinds of information ranging from news to cinemas, weather forecasting to cartoons, and so on. As shown by the case study discussed, technological barriers remain a prominent issue

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 2

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example 92). Although it is an important concept, yet organizational culture is too subjective to be defined concretely. In spite of that, an integrated, explicit, consisted, and accepted organizational culture is deemed important to achieve success in the organizational performance. Keeping this into consideration, it is quite likely that the dynamism and richness of the organizational processes may be seen, shaped, and improved with the help of the cultural lens. An organization’s culture has an eminent influence on the actions and decisions taken within the organization. The ideas, attitudes, beliefs, and values that prevail in an organization often unconsciously serve as a guide for the thinking, actions, and feelings of the employees. Developing the understanding of culture is important to describe and analyze the organizational phenomena. Culture for some is a glue that compiles and bonds all aspects and units of an organization together whereas for others, culture serves as a c ompass that provides the organizational personnel with the direction (Tharp, n.d., p. 2). ... The â€Å"culture has† view holds that corporate leaders can create and modify the culture. There are three fundamental debates; one is about concerning the way managers can make the weak culture of their company strong, the role culture plays in the innovation of a company and its rapid adjustment to the environmental changes, and the role of leaders’ management styles and vision in the management of their cultures. The â€Å"culture has† view suggests that the senior company executives should execute cultural leadership that has both an innovation and a maintenance dimension. Symbolic leadership is essentially a way by which leaders can make the employees feel that their efforts are directed at achieving something that is worthwhile. This inculcates the motivation in them to be more productive and work harder. Leaders can influence the culture this way rather than the managers. Managers serve as heroes who serve as role models for the employees of the organizat ion internally, and internally for the outside stakeholders including the customers, government, and the public at large. The managerialist view suggests that it is possible to help the employees to internalize the values of the organization. On the other hand, the â€Å"culture is† view suggests that the organizational culture is composed of a subjective reality of meanings, rites, and rituals. This is essentially a shared cognitions, social constructionist, or symbolic perspective that refutes the notion that culture constitutes any independent and objective existence that is given to the employees. The â€Å"culture is† view holds that the culture of an organization cannot be measured or quantified easily. It

SLP Assignment- Trends in Health Information Systems and Applications Essay

SLP Assignment- Trends in Health Information Systems and Applications - Essay Example Today, there is a centralization of the system, making it possible for everyone on the system to receive instant messages concerning the inputs of patient care. A typical example of this is the ability for team members to receive signals of abnormal laboratory test results. Once such reports are received, they are quickly transferred to the laboratory and scan department where appropriate corrective actions are taken. The evolution has therefore been focused on portability and accessibility. In the future, informatics system in the healthcare sector is expected to be even more effective than it is now, coming in line with the Nursing Information System (NIS) standards. Research has showed that two of the best ways of enhancing existing healthcare informatics is through the expansion of storage and usability, and the improvement of security features (Institute of Medicine, (2011). These two ambitions are thus going to be the future trend for healthcare informatics as it is expected that usability will be extended even to include patient interface. For example it should be possible for patients to access basic information able their health records and trends of their health improvements. Patients should also be able to make enquiries on the system. Among the service providers also, the quantum of data that can be stored in the system and thus processed by them needs to be increased. As far as security is concerned, it will be important to ensure that information assurance is better guaranteed on the system. This should be done by ensuring that even though it will be possible for one department to access the information of another department for decision making, it should not be possible to manipulate data from an external department. All forms of hacking and hijacking of data should also be checked for information protection. Of the various trends discussed, and the prevailing

The internationalization of IKEA into China

The internationalization of IKEA into China Introduction When dealing with international marketing is one of the key points you should consider whether the product or marketing to be standardized or adapted to each local market. The question is one of the most debated in the international marketing literature by authors such as (XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX). The focal point of this task is the issue between standardization and adaptation in the international campaign. First reviewed a theoretical perspective on the issue, based on Levitts controversial and much omdoskiterede article from XXXXX, XXXXX, followed by an outline of the criticism has been against Levitt and the whole theory about standardization. A critical evaluation of the whole issue of standardizing versus adaptation follows then And finally rounded off with conclusions and further reading. Teoretiske koncepter standadisering versus adaption According to Levitt the most radical of the proponents of standardization thinking there is much in favor of a standardization strategy. In Theodore Levitts article from 1983 (FIND XXXX Overview about Globalization Thoughts Fra pdf med GlobaliseringXXXXX), where he discusses the globalization of markets and the standardization of products and production processes, Levitt stated, Only global companies will achieve long-term success by concentrating on what everyone wants in rather than worrying about the details of what everyone thinks they like His basic idea was to show the need for standardization in industry processes and products to be able to increase the relative quality of falling costs and so the price per item . This idea was founded by awareness of globalization and the coupled development of subsequent homogenization of consumers and their needs. In his book from 1995 The Globalization of Markets in Global Marketing Management. Cases and Readings Levitt argues, first, that markets the world over converge and as a follow consumer preferences worldwide becoming more more uniform. A global demand pattern emerges which can be satisfied through a global and standardized XXXXXudbudXXXXX. Second, a standardization of products and marketing provides an opportunity to achieve economies of scale in production and lower costs. This leads to low price of the products thus freeing resources to product development. Standardization implies that you refrain from accommodating local preferences, and instead concentrate on developing the core qualities of the product. Whatever the preferences in a given time might be for a local custom product, consumers will end up prefer global, standardized products, because of their basic quality and cheap price. If companies want to succeed in the global competition, they should assume that the needs arou nd the world are basically alike. Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, XXXXX The Globalization of Markets XXXXX since it was created was one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. Rather than being paralyzed by differences in individual markets to develop global business opportunities to see the similarities between consumers across various markets. Faced with this view highlights the supporters of an increased focus on locating and individual market adjustment that supporters of globalization, including working from an unrealistic understanding of globalization pace where the marketing function apparently globalizing at a faster pace than the consumers, it postulates that turn tilXXXXX Usunier, Jean-Claude, 1997: Marketing Across Cultures, Prentice Hall XXXXX The cultural differences between markets are weighted more heavily than the proponents of globalization expresses particular in connection with marketing communication. The differences between markets outweigh the similarities. Nobody and nothing is solved culture. Both products and consumers should be seen and understood in their cultural context XXXXX Mooij, Marieke those, 1998: Global Marketing and A dvertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, Sage. XXXXX . For example, the companys marketing communication contains a number of standardization immediately obvious benefits of resource characteristics. The idea of one global theme for the companys marketing communication is tempting, but may pose a risk to cultural and linguistic differences between the markets examined. Several brands have thus different image to different markets. Thus connected instance Honda with properties like reliability and quality in the U.S. while the Japanese market, where these properties are considered self-evident, see Honda as an expression of speed, youth and energy XXXXX Aaker, David A. and Joachimsthaler, Erich, The Lure of Global Branding , Harvard Business Review, Vol 77, No. 2, 1999. XXXXX A sales argument would not necessarily have the same appeal in all markets, simply because the text is translated into the language market. Theories that argue against Levitts thoughts on globalization illustrate that standards in general do not meet consumer needs and lifestyles. These theories imply that consumers are becoming more diverse globally, which means that products and services must change with the adjustment and use of standards in the direction of regional segments. The critics of global marketing mean that cultural, political, and economic differences in different countries call for an adaption to local markets XXXXX (Boddewyn, Soehl and Picard 1986; Hill and Still 1984; Quelch and Hoff 1986; Sorenson and Wiechmann 1975; Wind 1986). XXXXX The thought of standadisation is an oversimplification of reality. There are variations between different countries in terms of consumer needs, purchasing power, commercial infrastructure, culture and traditions, laws and regulations, and technological progress. These factors are still to different from country to country so its necessary to adjust the marketing strategy for each market XXXXX (Terpstra Sarathy, 2000) (Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the empirical research)). XXXXX Common to the authors, highlighting the limitations of standardization strategy is that they point to the cultural differences as one of the key barriers to a standardization strategy. The key concept that has been used to describe the importance of culture in marketing strategy is cultural bind. This suggests that products can be more or less tied to the cultures they consumed, and that the degree of cultural bonding determines whether they can be standardized or not. Food and clothing should therefore be strongly culture-bound products, which are difficult to standardize, while industrial goods are kulturfri, and therefore easier to standardize. In between you place the consumer durables, which more than kulturfri eg food but more culture bound than industrial goods XXXXX (Usunier 1993). XXXXX The classic debate on standardization versus adaptation is increasingly proving to be based on some outdated terms. Culture is the habits and ways of thinking, we take for granted. This is also the understanding of culture that underlie the traditional debate on the Levites point: to what extent can something fit into the existing culture. This papers argument is that it is not so much a question of whether the market is (or marketing) is substantially different from the culture, it must fit in. What matters is rather whether it can operate in different discourses on cultural identity in local markets. Cultural Understanding yesterday to predict the problems and potential misunderstandings arising from different cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, the fundamental question of the relationship between marketing and culture in this perspective, to what extent an individual, current marketing strategy or tactic is applicable in another cultural context. The main problem with the Levites argument is that the globalization process basic viewed as driven by demand. This is summarized in the following lines: The uniformity of preferences will inevitably lead to standardization of products of industrial and commercial and business enterprises XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June) , 92-102. pp 93, XXXXX. But, as we have seen, there is both a strong tendency towards standardization and perhaps even more likely that globalization is carried forward by competitive supply rather than demand side, and that those in each case are not independent of each other. This has opened Levits argument for a critique from various scientists, whereas Levits lack of understanding of the concept of culture and persistent cultural differences in the globalizing world. Yet other theorists XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1992), Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage. XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1995), Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity, M. Featherstone, S. Lash R. Robertson, eds, Global Modernities, London: Sage, 25-44. XXXXX has tried to move beyond this dichotomous debate a counterpart to the debate that has been conveyed in marketing literature on standardized or customized wine promotion (see Wind Douglas comment XXXXX Wind, Yoram and Susan P. Douglas (1988), The Myth of Globalization , Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol 12 (Winter). XXXXX to Levite thesis). Here it is suggested that you talk about glocalisation since both homogenizing (globalizing) and heterogeniserende (localising) processes is an essential part of globalization. Robertson emphasizes this when he sees the local (and location) as a fundamental rather than a conflicting part of globalization. Thus in one sense, such as Levitt argues a homogenization of demand but it is a demand for differences rather than according to uniform, standardized Western products. Levite mistake is to have considered culture as something that exists independently of the market, an external factor, whose consequences (special preferences, etc.) could and would be overcome by so-called objective product qualities. Rather, it shows above that culture is something that is demanded and also very much created the market. In the following we will therefore argue that culture is not such a market external factor, but something that is reflexive. This means that culture is not something that can be taken for granted as if it had an unchanging essence Critical assessment XXXXXXX Contingency Theory: from Product and Promotion adaption in Export Ventures XXXXXXX The term globalization is the last decade become one of the most used and abused buzzword. Just within the marketing area is the concept of globalization somewhat more advanced in years, since it was used by a discipline of great old masters in a seminal article as long as 20 years ago. We refer of course to Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, The Globalization of Markets XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. XXXXX This has since been one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. XXXXX Bauman, Zygmunt (1999), Culture as Praxis, 2nd edition, London: Sage XXXXX Levite argument is the idea that companies can gain competitive advantage by exploiting economies of scale XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 92]. XXXXX On the one hand it is true that globalization leads to new market conditions, where such is impossible for companies to sit international market development ignored, though they only operate domestically. On the other hand, it has demonstrated how local companies can push their global competitors precisely by emphasizing their local roots. The fact that the local should be a quality in itself, completely overlooked by Levitt XXXXX Ger, Gà ¼liz and Russell W. Belk (1996), Id Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumption-scapes of the Less Affluent World , Journal of Consumer Policy, 19 (3), 1-34. XXXXX The usual argument for standardization is still out on that brand names and products have a defined meaning which affects the customer when he / she meets these products or brands. But as so aptly demonstrated, is even Coca-Cola (king of global brands) importance universe subject to local interpretations. And even Coca-Colas management has said it is a multi-local rather than a global product XXXXXAskegaard, Soren Fabian Csaba (2001), The Good, the Bad and the Jolly: Taste, Image and Symbolic Resistance To The Coca-Colonization of New Zealand , S. Brown A. Patterson, eds, Imagining Marketing, London: Routledge, 124-140 .. XXXXX also express statement that Coca-Cola is welcomed by alle XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 93, a XXXXX oversight of the global on Coca-Cola are both preference for and resistance to brand as expressed through the concept of Coca-Colonization which conceals the fact that the American / western lifestyle brand represents, not welcomed by everyone. Neither or Stadardisation and adaption à ¤r tvà ¥ Extremes in marketing. I sin article Kelloggs Internationalisation versus globaliseringen of the marketing mix (2001) Claudio Vignali cites Terpstra, V. and Sarathy, R. (1994) for writing att nà ¤r adopting a helt localized marketing strategy only coincidental ligheder EXIST. Completely standardised marketing is identical in all markets. Neither extreme in Usually used. I wish to give some examples of how various multinational companies engaged in or have used the global market. The examples are taken from international journals, and gives each of them an insight into situations that underpins kompleksitetetn in a global markedsfà ¦rinbgs maneuver. First beskrivesd viorksomheder and products briefly, then Objectives, Strategies, and challenges etableret and encounters and Endelig the responses, resultater, og er rekommendationer Collected. The two cases chosen are, respectively, McDonalds and IKEA. These cases are particularly interesting b ecause it has two large viorksomheder whose basic concept is tight concept management and standardizing for obtaining econmicies of scale in both marketing, sales and production. These descriptions provide examples of how, despite that we have a standardization strategy must adapt to local markets because of culture. Foreign Markets: An Integrated Approach Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions determines the use of the same marketing mix in throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often not used to companies due to differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in various countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions are not suitable because in this case, companies can not use the advantages of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets and different products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies do not have to choose one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs in the global market and to pursue their goals more effectively. The purpose of the global m arketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization in International Retailing: Transferring Storebrand Image Salmon and Tordjman (1989) introduced one of the most recognized classifications of international sales strategies. This classification can be viewed in terms of global / multinational strategies and the implications for standardization or adaptation of marketing activities and the seat of decision making for the international distributor. The authors define a global strategy that faithful replication of a notion abroad, which corresponds to a formula already established in the country. According to the authors, a company that has decided to choose this strategy is a homogeneous consumer audience with similar lifestyles and expectations. These companies were seen as McDonalds and IKEA. The means to achieve such a strategy is to use a standardized marketing lists. This implies that companies use a standardized or similar retail mix in each of the foreign markets they have entered. Specific product range and stor e format, services, marketing and advertising strategies, pricing policies and store layout is more or less standardized, in whatever country they operate. But as the authors note, are global retailers over the two controversies. The first is the need to adapt to local markets and thus satisfy consumer expectations, and the second is to utilize their corporate resources in order to benefit from the economies of scale derived from a standardization strategy. The authors state that the original concept or the uniqueness and distinctiveness of a product, combined with business acumen, is the competitive advantage for global retailers succeed. Besides this, these products have a long life, thus reducing the risk associated with them as fashion items. McDonalds is the world, aos largest fast-food restaurant chain. It has more than 30,000 restaurants in over 100 countries. McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest seller of hamburgers and other fast foods. Although largely an American operation, and one of the best known American symbols, most of income from activities outside the USA. In its 2000 annual report XXXXXXXX, states that 62 percent of their annual revenue is allocated to operations outside America. This provides an interesting situation for a company that has built his empire out from doing all the food produced the same. Hamburg They have exactly the same size, the same amount of pickles are put on each bun, and milkshakes are measured with extreme precision. McDonalds business model is basically the same regardless of which country it goes to, but there are local differences, the company may face. The case of McDonalds ice dircribed pà ¥ article McDonalds: Think global, act local the marketing mix (Vignali XXXXXXXX. McDonalds expand globally mens Adjusting sina local communities. McDonalds er standadised in large scale, men de har allso adapted to the local Markets fordi of Religious Laws, Costume eller kultur. In Israel two mà ¸der Kosher Tradition Big Macs gà ¥r utan cheeseburger served two separate Meat and Diary products. In India de har serve Vegetablke McNuggets Mutton-based Maharaja Mac (Big Mac) as Hindus do not eat meat. Muslims Do Not eat pork and McDonalds ice rewarded med halal certificate att sometimes advocates total Absence of pork pà ¥ muxlim lande. In its 2000 annual report is based on three elements: A) Adding restaurants, B) Improve revenue and profit existing restaurants, and C) to improve international profitabi lity in a culturally sensitive way. This implies that a McDonalds opening in a foreign country does more than just change its menus. It adapts its operating manual for the convenience of the local franchisee. Quote from report: Maximizing sales and profits at existing restaurants will be done through better management, reinvestment, product development and refinement of effective marketing and lower development and operating costs. Improved international profitability will be realized as economies of scale are achieved in different markets, and since it is covered by the global infrastructure. .. Another case of a largely standadised company is IKEA. I artiklen A standardized approach to the world? IKEA in China,( Johannson, U. and Thelander, A., 2009), giver forfatterne et indblik i de udfordringer IKEA har haft med global markedsfà ¸ring i en casebeskrivelse af deres introduktion og markedsfà ¸ring i Kina. IKEA har med stor succes standardiseret al markedsfà ¸ring og roll out i store dele af verden, men Kina blev en speciel udfordring, hvor standadiseringskonceptet ikke var gangbar pga. markedets, isà ¦r, kulturelle forskelle. IKEA expanded to China in 1998. The main target group are women, because they were considered those who make decisions at home. IKEA believes its core customer to be around 30 years old. This target group are the generation born under the one child policy and they are believed to be impulsive, easy to influence, very social and committed to leading international consumer brands. In most countries image of IKEA is a company with low prices. In China the opposite is true. The main strategy has been to reduce prices and make the IKEA in China for the low cost concept (roughly) as known ra worldwide. IKEA stores in China is closer to town than stores in other parts of the world where they are usually located well outside city centers. In China, consumers have less access to cars and butikkernw have to be public transport routes. Nevertheless, IKEA built 700 parking spaces under a shop in Shanghai in anticipation of that shopping patterns will change. In China there is not a DIY culture Chinas consumers are using the store as social venues. For them it is a pleasant environment and a completely removed from other furnishings stores in China where you do not have permission to feel and touch the product. People in Shanghai shop may still be seen apparently sleeping in beds and on sofas and read a book with their feet on the tables. Rather than address the issue, IKEA staff hopes that these same people will later return as customers. While IKEA is often seen as a model for standardization among retailers, it is clear that it has had to make significant adjustments in China. Offers an attractive and unusual product was never alone will be enough. IKEA claims that the worst is now getting established in China, and that experience will stand it in good Instead, as it expands into other culturally-different markets. IKEA will argue that it has adapted, while remaining true to its business concept. But its experience also shows that there are limits to how far a company can go with standardization, and how far along this road consumers are willing to be taken. XXXXXStandardization / Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions is crucial for applying the same marketing mix throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often no use to companies because of differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in different countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions is also not useful because in that case, firms can not use the benefits of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets as well as separate products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies need not select one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs for global market and pursue its goals more effectively. The objectives of the global marketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the research empirisk To overcome the above polarization, a third group of researchers offer a contingency perspective on the standardization / adaptation debate. In their view: (a) standardization or adaptation should not be viewed in isolation from each other, but as two ends of the same continuum, where the degree of corporate marketing strategy standardization / adaptation can vary between them (b) the decision to standardize or adapt marketing strategy is tailored to the specific situation and this should be the result of a thorough analysis and assessment of relevant contingency factors prevailing in a particular market at a given time and (c) the appropriateness of the chosen level of strategy standardization / adaptation shall be assessed on the basis of its impact on company performance in international markets (Quelch Hoff, 1986; Onkvisit Shaw, 1987, Jain, 1989; Cavusgil Zou, 1994) . Therefore, the challenge for the international firm is to determine what specific elements of the strategy is possible or desirable to standardize or adapt the conditions under which and to what extent. Konklusion og videre là ¦sning Konklutionen I To what extent should a consumei goods multinational corporation vary its marketing from country to countryl Konklusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Should marketers attempt to standardize their products and marketing communications so as to minimize the costs of doing business internationally? Or should they adapt their products and messages depending on the market in which they wish to operate? XXXXXInternational markedskommunikation XXXXXStandardization/Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX I denne artikel har vi prà ¸vet at efterkomme opfordringen til at komme ud over at  »pjaske rundt pà ¥ overfladen af sà ¸en «, nà ¥r det drejer sig om at studere relationen mellem marketing og kultur [11].Inden for marketing er indstillingen til kultur, mà ¥ske ikke overraskende, dybt forankret i den vestlige modernismes tendens til at  »Ãƒ ¦ndre forskel til essens « [20: 80]. Imidlertid minder  »skaberne « (etnoskaber, teknoskaber osv.) os om, at kultur praktiseres og konstitueres ud fra praksis [1]; [12]; [20: 81]. Endvidere bliver vi mindet om marketings rolle som et globalt system, der frembringer forskellige identitetsrum: livsstil, kultur, subkultur, etnicitet, hybridisering, kreolisering osv. I lyset af dette bliver markedsfà ¸rte varer til materielle manifestationer af ideen om kultur, af  »det kulturelle ideoskab «, som vist ved eksemplet med belizisk madkultur [36]. Dette bà ¸r ikke lede os til at forveksle và ¦sentliggà ¸relse med và ¦sen. Det er ikke, fordi mange forbrugere enten sà ¸ger efter eller har en opfattelse af deres egen faste kulturelle identitet, at vi som forskere kan konkludere, at en sà ¥dan eksisterer, og markedsanalytikere har hidtil và ¦ret tilbà ¸jelige til at ignorere de indviklede forhold, der gà ¦lder inden for kulturelle udviklingsprocesser.  »Sà ¥ là ¦nge kulturel mangfoldighed bliver forstà ¥et som en mangfoldighed af kulturer, kan kulturstuderende kun se tvà ¦rkulturel kommunikation og tvà ¦rkulturel sammenligning som et af deres centrale problemer « [6: xlv] . For et marketing- og forbrugerforskningsmiljà ¸, der interesserer sig for den kulturelle dimension i international marketing, betyder dette, at komparativ analyse ikke là ¦ngere er det mest indlysende mà ¥l for forskningsaktiviteter, men snarere et udgangspunkt. Kultur, snarere end en forklarende struktur af và ¦sentlige trà ¦k, bliver et paradigme, pà ¥ basis af hvilket marketingpraktikeres og forbrugeres praksis og tilgang fà ¥r betydning for forskerne. Kultur er ikke et studieobjekt, men et nà ¸dvendigt perspektiv for at fà ¥ indsigt i det menneskelige samfunds struktur og forandringsprocesser. Referencer

My Social Worker Essay -- essays research papers

For my Social Work interview, I interviewed Professor Lampen. She is a social work professor here at Cornerstone. She is no longer in the profession right now. Before she came to cornerstone to teach she worked as a social worker for about sixteen years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professor Lampen started out her schooling by getting her bachelors degree in Psychology. Then, she went on with her schooling and became a Registered Nurse. She decided that she wanted something different so she went back to school and got her Masters in Social Work at Western Michigan University. For her first job she worked at a hospice. There she made home visits to patients. She worked there for about four years and then went on to work at Mary Free Bed Hospital and Rehabilitation Center. At Mary Free Bed she worked mostly with spinal cord and brain injury patients. She said with her back round in nursing that it helped her in the unit. With her medical back round she was able to understand the patients more and help them better with their problems. She worked there for twelve years and now here she is at Cornerstone teaching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My next question for if she had any advice for someone entering the field of Social Work. She told me to make sure that the field fits you. There are so many different fields in Social Work. Whatever one you choose you have to make sure it fits you and you’ll enjoy working there. She also said that you really have to care about your wor...

Empirical Formula of a Hydrate-CE Essay

Conclusion and Evaluation: Aspect 1 Based on the interpreted data of group â€Å"A†, the empirical formula of aluminum chloride did not stay the same. The expected empirical formula was. In group â€Å"A† the empirical formulas are as followed†¦ Group Name Empirical formula Laurie & Jordan Rica, Victoria & Stephanie Vince & Josh Jane & Kaityln So, as a group, we all had a different outcome of the empirical formula but the percent composition of water is the same for all. 11.2% for hydrogen and 88.8% for oxygen as shown in table #7.3. A random error would be the measurement of the hydrate crystal. A scoopula was used to measure 3g. Also another one would be the electronic balance having an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g. A systematic error would be heating the evaporating dish through a wire mesh instead of a clay triangle. You notice that the theoretical yield and experimental yield values are shown in a pie graph. Both of the pie graphs are the exact same as both percentages are 11.2% and 88.8%. In these pie graphs, neither trends nor patterns apply. Aspect 2 The procedural weaknesses are stated above. For example the measurement of the hydrate crystal would’ve affected the lab. There wasn’t an accurate measurement so that could’ve affected the weight of the final product or the reaction of the product. Another weakness was that the evaporating dish was being heated through a wire mesh instead of a clay triangle. The wire mesh had a white coating on it, so therefore the evaporating dish was being heated indirectly and the wire mesh would absorb the heat itself. This would affect the heating process of the evaporating dish and the substance inside of it. There were a few assumptions made in this particular lab. They are as followed†¦ Assumption Possible effect on the result All of the moisture was removed from the evaporating dish If all the moisture wasn’t removed, then an accurate and precise reaction isn’t obtained. The aluminum chloride was pure If impure aluminum chloride was used then other products could have formed The only substance reacting with the aluminum chloride was itself as a hydrate form This could have had other reactions which therefore will affect the products formed. All of the aluminum chloride hydrate evaporated Could possibly effect the measurement of the weight 3g of aluminum chloride was added to the evaporating dish Obviously if there were less or more than 3g added, it will affect the outcome result The quality of the data was fair. The precision and accuracy of the aluminum was absent since it was measured by a scoopula and estimation. Although, the same balance was used to weigh all the masses, therefore the accuracy of those measurements were present with the exception of the uncertaintyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001g. Aspect 3 If this lab were to be redone, I think that everything should stay the same besides 2 factors which are the use of wire mesh and the measurement of the hydrate crystal. If we were to use a clay triangle instead of the wire mesh, the evaporating dish would have been directly heated instead of being indirectly heated. This would remove the systematic error. A better precision and accuracy would be obtained if we actually used a measuring device. For example, a measuring spoon would’ve been more accurate than the scoopula. Using the same balance for all masses would obtain greater control of variables and reduce the random error.

Writing Prompts for Paragraphs

Writing Prompts for Paragraphs Use the following topic sentences as prompts to help you discover fresh images, examples, and narrative details. Following the guidelines in parenthesis, rely on your imagination and experience to develop each idea in a paragraph of at least four or five sentences. The van swerved across three lanes of traffic and headed straight for the front door of the pizza parlor.(What happened next?) A good parent provides discipline as well as affection.(Explain why or give examples.) People who value their privacy probably shouldnt be on Facebook.(Use specific examples to explain why.) With a tambourine in one hand, Merdine clambered onto the roof of her trailer during the thunderstorm.(What did she do there?) To discourage burglars from entering your house or apartment, you need to take a number of precautions.(Recommend some specific precautions.) Certain movies and TV programs reflect the violent times we live in.(Offer some examples.) Ill never forget how I felt on my first day in this classroom.(Describe your feelings.) As my friend and I crept down the dark hallway of the old abandoned house, we heard the floorboards creak and the wind whistle through the cracked glass in the window frames.(What happened next?) A good teacher can help you get thro ugh even the most difficult course.(Give examples to demonstrate how this is so.) In many small ways we can all help to protect the environment.(Offer some specific examples.) NEXT:50 Quick Writing Prompts

The Roots of Judaism and Christianity

The Roots of Judaism and Christianity The Roots of Judaism and ChristianityJews and Christians have the same roots but have developed very differently throughout time. The basis of these two religions shares some similarities, but also differences. They both stem from different places and over time have developed on their own to have their own identity.The Jews are a people who trace their descent from the biblical Israelites and who are united by the religion called Judaism. They are not a race; Jewish identity is a mixture of ethnic, national, and religious elements. An individual may become part of the Jewish people by conversion to Judaism; but a born Jew who rejects Judaism or adopts another religion does not entirely lose his Jewish identity. In biblical times the Jews were divided into 12 tribes: Reuben, Simeon (Levi), Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, and Manasseh.The word Jew is derived from the kingdom of Judah, which included the tribes of Benjamin and Judah.Mosaic of the 12 Tribes of Israel. From Givat Mord...The name Israel referred to the people as a whole and to the northern kingdom of 10 tribes. Today it is used as a collective name for all Jewry and since 1948 for the Jewish state. (Citizens of the state of Israel are called Israelis; not all of them are Jews.) In the Bible, Hebrew is used by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the hebrew language.The origin of the Jews is recounted in the Hebrew Bible. Despite legendary and miraculous elements in its early narratives, most scholars believe that the biblical account is based on historic realities. According to the Book of Genesis, God ordered the patriarch Abraham to leave his home in Mesopotamia and travel to a new land, which he promised to Abraham's descendants as a...

JetFan technology Limited. Individual Strategic Business Planning Essay

JetFan technology Limited. Individual Strategic Business Planning portfolio - Essay Example This seems to be quite correct for the business plan as the start up costs and further expenses would be shared among the owners. Furthermore, the responsibilities and work will get further attention from other owners leading to an appropriate planning and focused implementation of the same. Adding to it, the business risks would also be shared among the partners leading to less probability of default for the organisation. JetFan is quite new to this compact electronic equipment cooling segment, which demands it to make enough alliances with the prominent fan manufacturers operating in this segment. Additional contacts and complementary skills of each partner in a work environment of motivation and mutual support can be used to successfully explore this new segment of compact electronic cooling equipments. In ‘company structure and ownership’ a good deal of information has been provided on the shareholders of this company. Overall it seems that, the business plan include s the type of business; however, it fails to identify the legal term attached with it. Product The organisation is looking forward to commercialize the impeller in the compact cooling electronics segment. The JetFan impellers would be smaller and more efficient than their conventional counterparts. The products would be offering enhanced efficiency than the existing impellers at the same cost as that of the rest. The market application of the product would be in cooling, heating, extraction/ventilation. JetFan Ltd has come up with several prototypes including hand dryers and hair dryers, ceiling fans, vacuum cleaners, fiber optical light source cooling and significant market of compact electronic equipment cooling which also includes portable computers chip set cooling instruments. In this business plan, a description of the product has been included. Although, it does not consist much of technicalities, the significant attributes for the customers and its offering in different segments have been mentioned. Type of Opportunity JetFan has been into the commercialization of its impellers to the compact electronics cooling market. The opportunity is expansion towards commercialization of the products. JetFan Ltd now wants its JetFan technology to enter into different segments of electrical and electronics equipments. The opportunity type is not clearly defined; however, a glimpse of the same has been provided throughout the plan. Promise to be Successful: The Product is Unique The promise of JetFan’s success lies behind the problems faced through the traditional fan impellers. In this specific business plan, the author has rightly identified the issues with the

The effects of water diagrams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The effects of water diagrams - Assignment Example The air releases its wetness content over the tropical regions creating a low-pressure region. The poles are the origin of dense air descending due to the high pressure. The descending of dense air toward high-pressure tropical zones results in hot dry winds. The resultant wind is devoid of moisture and blows over North Africa, North America and Middle East hence, the desert in the above regions (Concord, 2012). The descending of glacier results in the creation of features. However, the process is gradual. Glaciers create feature by scouring the earth and depositing material in diverse areas. They drag along rocky material, which is embedded in the glacier. The rock particles scour the earth surface creating certain feature such as horns and arà ªtes. Additionally, if the gravel emanating from glaciations is deposited it is regarded as moraine. For glaciations to generate distinct features, massive quantity of ice is necessary. However, the receding ice caps have resulted in reduced glaciations (Pidwirny,