Long overdue Conversation :: Drama

Long overdue ConversationTopic / Scripture utilize the time God gives us the importance offamily Mat. 206 About the eleventh hour he went out and found unflurriedothers standing around. He asked them, Why view as you been standinghere any day long doing nothing?Setting Anywhere. The audience will assume that this is just a get having a conversation with his daughter, Could be in thekitchen, the living room, outside on the porchanywhere.Characters male parent the father. Tender hearted, hes nervous,uncomfortable with this conversation, but intent on finally doing thisright.Scene Don is sitting on a chair facing the audience, wringing hishands, looking nervous but determined as he begins this conversation.Don This is a little awkwardJust bear with me dulcorate, we need totalk about some thingsI probably should have done this sooner, but you caught me forthguardyou know?Yesterday you were playing with Barbies and riding your little pinkbike with the training wheels still on. Th en I turned around and youwere deprivation on dates, looking at colleges, wearing that goo on yourface(sheepishly and a little defensively) I got used to it. JI sure could have used more time in there somewhere. Another decadeor two. Okay, so here we goUmmmdrugs are baddont use themthey could rot your teethno, um,kill your brain cellsand stuff. You probably shouldnt smokeeitheryeah, I know I do, but youre still too young, cigarettesreally will rot your teeth. Plus, your mom really hates how theysmellso its better if you just dont start.(At this point he pulls out a crinkled up piece of paper and spendssome time smoothing it out and fidgeting with it, checking it, etc.)I, uh, wrote a listJI didnt pauperization to forget anythingyou know, whileI have momentum going and stuffOkay, so heres the big oneits uhwell, this ones reallyimportantboys areuhboys are greatbut, theyre still boys youknow? So youve got to be really careful. Youve got to be smarthoney. Youre so smart, and funny. And youre really talented andyoure beautiful. Im not just saying that because Im your dad. Youreally are. Boys call the house all the time for you. They do Hey,I didnt say we answer it every time, thats why we have caller ID. No, Im just kidding honeykind-of. Anyway(looking down at his listagain)so, you just need to be on your toes. Dont believe everythingthey tell you. And you should probably bring a friend with you onyour dates. Bring several friends. The more the merrier(chuckles,but its clear he means it).

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: Dying to Fit In -- Toni Morrison The Blu

The Bluest Eye  Dying to Fit In         Claudia MacTeer in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye looks longingly upon federation from the outside. Growing up the youngest in the family as well as in a racial minority leaves Claudia feeling excluded and left out. She desires a place deep d avow the group society has formed without her. She desires to fit in and be accepted. Claudia desperately wants to experience life to the fullest. She does not want to miss out on whatsoever event. Claudias curiosity is often her conscious motivation to get involved, but the reasons that she acts the way she does go deeper than that. Her personality and character traits make fitting in unfortunately unattackable to accomplish. Claudia has a powerful desire to be included, but her variant opinions about life unfortunately create difficulties for her fitting into society. She acquires the world from a very different perspective than others. From very early on, Claud ias desires differ from the majoritys opinion. She desires to have emotions society,though, desires possessions. Furthermore, Claudia is physically revolted by what seems to be the epitome of beauty in societys eyes. She feels that she is the only one who feels that little face cloth baby dolls with yellow hair and blue eyes are not beautiful. In a bold attempt to destroy the common perception of beauty, Claudia mangles the dolls she receives, to see of what it was made, to discover the dearness, to find the beauty, the desirability that had escaped me, but apparently only me (20). She desires to be included in the unity of society. However, Claudia wants to be included on her own terms. She does not want to limit or conform her beliefs to fit what society wants her ... ...dias position on the outside of everything forces her into a position of greater strength. Although hurt, the observations she makes mold her into existence able to handle difficulties more easily. The loss of innocence which Claudia faces unintentionally is vital to the role she plays in society and in her life. Her thoughts hold a more pragmatic view of life and human behavior. She sees the pains and sorrows that life truly is constructed of. Claudia feels that she has missed out on so many opportunities and is not included the way others are. Her strong character generates a feeling of both isolation and separation, but, in reality, she tastes life more closely than most people are able to in a lifetime. Although Claudias passion to be included is unrequited, she is filled with the strength, character, and pain that make her a more knowledgeable and resilient person.

James Cameron Essay -- essays research papers

pile Cameron was born in Kapuskasing, Ontario in Canada August 14 (16) 1954. His family later moved to Chippewa F all(prenominal)s near Niagra Falls. James Cameron was during his youth years always very fascinated with pictorial matters. He was mezmerized when he saw Stanley Kubricks 2001 A Space Odyssey, and he drew himself crazy trying to figure out how they had shot that film. Cameron also wrote sci-fi stories and fantasized a lot instead of doing his school work. It was actually during angiotensin converting enzyme boring biology class that Cameron wrote a short story which would later become the movie The Abyss. When Cameron was 17, his family moved to Orange County, California because of his fathers job. When Cameron moved to Orange County he acquireed that getting a c atomic number 18er in movies might non be the easiest job to obtain. He let the hope of becomming some wiz in the movie business fade and he started studying physics and english at a local university. He la ter dropped out of both studies because the math in the physics melt down had been to hard for Cameron to deal with. James Cameron got a job as a miniature model maker at the Roger Corman Studios. The Roger Corman Studios were studios that made B-movies. They were fast and cheap productions, and none of the people working there were professionals so Cameron fit right in. He quickly moved up the ranks in the studio, jumping from one movie to another. Cameron worked as art director on the sci-fi movie Battle Beyond the Stars, he did special effects work and direction on conjuration Carpenters Escape from New York. It wasnt until 1981 when Cameron got his first shot at directing. It was an Italian producer named Assonitis who was to make a sequel to the movie Pirahna. It was going to be called Piranha 2 The Spawning. Assonitis wanted a debut director because it would be the cheapest, and the director would not question Assonitis cutting in the film. The movie was terrible of course, it had a bad cast, lousy effects and Assonitis was always on Camerons back. Assonitis kept telling Cameron that the shots looked like shit (crap), and when the main shooting ended he would not allow Cameron to edit the movie. This made Cameron mad, he knew that the movie was bad, but it was his movie, and he wanted to edit it himself. So Cameron broke into the editing room with a ductile card. The movie was shot in Italy and Cameron could not speak Italian, so he did not... ... was not until the production of Terminator 2 Judgment Day that the effects were shown in their true colours. Another great thing is that James Cameron writes very entertaining stories that are particuarly good for movies. With great execution and great characters that are unique. Camerons movies are action movies, but they have other qualities too. For example Cameron uses a lot of messages in his movies. In the Abyss there is a message from an alien saying that all people should live in harmony, and in T erminator 2 - Judgment Day Linda Hamilton is ending the movie with this clever sentence, "If a machine can learn to respect a human life maybe we can too". These are the kind of messages which make Camerons movies just a little bit better. James Cameron is not afraid to reject his feminin side. In the movies there are always strong, independent women who guide the male hero (if there is one) through the movie. In Camerons movies the women are essential, and they always steal part of the picture, if not all of it. Examples are, Linda Hamiton in Terminator 2 - Judgment Day, Sigourney Weaver in Aliens, Jamie Lee Curtis in True Lies and of course Kate Winslet in Titanic.

History of physical education :: essays research papers

The field of fleshly rearing has gone through many cycles over its long history. These cycles pluck from a strict authoritarianism to the liberal democracy of today. This transformation to the democracy has opened the field of physical education up to many new sciences, which are creating many new professional opportunities. If the cycles of physical education continue, these new professions will hopefully pave the way to future discoveries and studies of physical education. The Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of physical education. Though very different, both systems served the people and their needs. The Spartan system was similar to a dictatorship. Male children were taken at the age of heptad to learn basic military skills while living in barracks. When the children reached the age of fourteen, they began learning group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Once thirty, the men could then marry a women who had been doing some training of her own in order to make strong babies. The doctrine of the Spartans was basically to allow them to invade other countries if desired, and to prevent other countries from invading them. The philosophy of the Athenians was quite different compared to the Spartans. The Athenian culture was very democratic, and focused on training the mind and body. Reading and writing was a large part of society as well as physical activity which took place in the center of the city where the gymnasium was located. The physical education philosophy of the Athenians was the high point of physical education for many years. Some other cycles in physical education that we have evolved from are that of the Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The Roman era is a bit disturbing, but is nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to fight to the death, and often terms fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed physical education as a take in of time and a work of the devil. The dark ages were a very sedentary time for human civilization. Following the dark ages in approximately 1096, were the crusades. The crusades were a time of muscular Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers, the more Christian a person was.

The Scarlet Letter :: English Literature

The Scarlet LetterIn most books, readers see events and happenings in their own personalway, which differs slightly from other readers interpretations of thesame book. In The Scarlet Letter, however, a radical new theory hasdeveloped on the death of Arthur Dimmesdale. Originally, it was primarily accepted that Chillingworths part in the death ofDimmesdale was purely psychological, but perhaps he played a greaterrole than thought before.In the book, Chillingworth is a physician who had been captured by Native Americans sometime ago and subsequently released by them into Boston, Massachusetts, who was strictly a Puritan settlement at the time. In the years of his bonds by the Indians, he was taught many native herbs and plants of the New World, and their uses on the human body. Through this, he entered Boston as a physician, known to have pull together herbs, and the blossoms of wild-flowers, and dug up roots, and plucked off twigs from the forest-trees, like one acquainted with hidd en virtues in what was valueless to common eyes. ( The Scarlet Letter , p. 120). Chillingworth had the knowledge of a particular drug, Atropine, which caused a sickness that closely resembled the condition of Dimmesdale. Chillingworths motive for retribution to Dimmesdale for his adultery was very clear throughout the book, There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares. Sooner or later, he must needs be mine. (p. 80). Chillingworths vengeful record consumed his life and his only goal in life became the torment of Hesters adulterous husband, Dimmesdale. He was already showing signs of sickness, assumed by the reader to be attributed to his blameable conscience, and these were only amplified by the poisoning Chillingworth had inflicted upon him.Dimmesdales physical state and reactions also gave the reader clues to Chillingworths role in Dimmesdales demise. Upon Chillingworths arrival to Boston, Dim mesdale immediately showed symptoms of atropine poisoning, or, to the reader at the time, signs of his guilt and adultery. As the doctor-patient relationship between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale grew, Dimmesdales health faded. His form grew emaciated his voice, though still rich and sweet, had a certain melancholy prophecy of decay in it he was often observed, on any slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart with first a sloshed and then a paleness, indicative of pain. (p. 119). Also, as time progressed, Dimmesdales symptoms became more severe and resembled like those attributed to atropine poisoning.

The Scarlet Letter :: English Literature

The Scarlet LetterIn most books, readers see events and happenings in their own personalway, which differs fairly from other readers interpretations of thesame book. In The Scarlet Letter, however, a radical new theory hasdeveloped on the death of Arthur Dimmesdale. Originally, it wasgenerally accepted that Chillingworths part in the death ofDimmesdale was purely psychological, but perhaps he played a greaterrole than thought before.In the book, Chillingworth is a physician who had been captured by indigene Americans sometime ago and subsequently released by them into Boston, Massachusetts, who was strictly a Puritan settlement at the time. In the years of his imprisonment by the Indians, he was taught more native herbs and plants of the New World, and their uses on the human body. Through this, he entered Boston as a physician, known to have gathered herbs, and the blossoms of wild-flowers, and dug up roots, and pick off off twigs from the forest-trees, like one acquainted with hidden virtues in what was valueless to common eyes. ( The Scarlet Letter , p. 120). Chillingworth had the knowledge of a particular drug, Atropine, which caused a malady that closely resembled the condition of Dimmesdale. Chillingworths motive for retribution to Dimmesdale for his adultery was very clear throughout the book, There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares. Sooner or later, he must needs be mine. (p. 80). Chillingworths vengeful nature consumed his life and his only close in life became the torment of Hesters adulterous husband, Dimmesdale. He was already showing signs of sickness, assumed by the reader to be attributed to his guilty conscience, and these were only amplified by the inebriety Chillingworth had inflicted upon him.Dimmesdales physical state and reactions also gave the reader clues to Chillingworths role in Dimmesdales demise. Upon Chillingworths arrival to Boston, Dim mesdale immediately showed symptoms of atropine poisoning, or, to the reader at the time, signs of his guilt and adultery. As the doctor-patient relationship between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale grew, Dimmesdales wellness faded. His form grew emaciated his voice, though still rich and sweet, had a certain melancholy prophecy of decay in it he was often observed, on whatever slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart with first a flush and then a paleness, declarative of pain. (p. 119). Also, as time progressed, Dimmesdales symptoms became more severe and resembled like those attributed to atropine poisoning.

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay

Abraham Harold Maslow- Humanistic ApproachHumanistic is the psychology study of how the human works as a whole. This studies the uniqueness of the soulfulness by dint of their demeanour. Rather than just observing the humans behaviour, humanistic psychologists study to study the humans behaviour first person rather than just observing. Meaning they try to understand the situation and the emotional aspects the person is going through for them to endure that specific type of behaviour, they try to understand the behaviour of the person by aspect at it from their perspective. Humanistic is a way of thinking and is an ability to solve our own ain problems. This meaning to focus on our own perspectives, experiences, thoughts, self-image and feelings to understand an man-to-man. mass disregard be capable of self-development and their own self-improvement. We have our own choices on what we look at to do and how we chose to take out this option. We chose how we want to behave an d whether its right hand or wrong i.e. breaking the law. An individual chosen whether they want to break the law, knowing full well of the consequences. This is called free will we have the right to choose what we want to do and how we want to behave.The court of law follows this principle because you know whether you have d unmatched right or wrong and there is no one to blame, except yourself, because you chose to behave that way. Abraham Harold Maslow was the first psychologist to create the human hierarchy of ask which explains the different direct that an individual has to move from throughout heart. This hierarchy changes from one level to another and each level has its own specific needfully. Most psychologist before Maslow had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill, he convinced and persuaded race to start acknowledging peoples basic necessarily before addressing them as having higher inevitably or being ill. Firstly on Maslows hierarchy he started with the bas ic needs of a person such as food, water, sleep etc. then lead to the physical needs of an individual. The highest needs of an individual are self-actualization which is realising who you are as an individual and knowing your own motivations.Not many people affirm to the self-actualization for many reasons, being that they didnt get through the different levels of the hierarchy or because they think that they can skip the rest of thelevels, thinking that they know their own self-fulfilment etc. These hierarchies have five different levels of needs. Maslows level of human needs started with physiological which is basic survival, understanding the function of the living organism. Which is what an individual needs, their basic needs i.e. water, sleep, breathing and sex. Then safety which is basic need again and feeling secure. For physical exercise, freedom from danger, risks or injuries whether at employment, home or doing everyday activities. Love and belonging is the next need whi ch is the emotional level/need. Meaning to understand what hunch forward is and what it feels like to belong, dependent on being part of a family or understanding what it is like to chicane through friendship or sexual relationships. remember is the fourth need, which is take to be and recognition.Understanding what your personal goals are in life and what you can achieve throughout life dependent on yourself respect and respect for one another. The final level is self-actualization which is what makes you who you are as an individual, realise your own potentials in life. Also, realising your own self-fulfilment and person growth from peak experiences. Everyone as an own personal desire to move up the hierarchy table towards self-actualization, although their progress is often disruptive by failing to meet the low level needs. As an example if some(prenominal)one doesnt show love or feel loved then they wont be able to succeed through the love and belonging section, if theyre b rought up in an abusive home this would affect the low level safety so they would be decreasing in the levels. hardly remarkable people are most likely to reach the highest level, self-actualization. Maslows theory was the best type of motivation for an individual, he proposed he hierarchy of needs in his paper a theory of Human Motivation.Hans J Eysenck and Otto Gross admission to PsychodynamicHans is a psychologist famous for his work on intelligence and personality. Eysenck claims that Freudian theories can be falsified, also Gross claims that Freuds theories are scientific but have been proven wrong so which he say is barely bad science. Psychoanalyst tends to only accept YAVIS patients for treatment, YAVIS means young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful. This is because YAVIS patients are more likely to recover rather than mentally unstable patients. When the critical review of frauds approach happened was because Gross and Freud were in a disagreement on thesub jects of repression, sublimation and perversion. The meaning of repression is to control and resist what you would want.Sublimation is doing things in an acceptable and respectful manner and perversion is furthermost from normal for example being abnormal. They disagreed on Freuds theory because they believe that the patients should be capable of feelings and having their freedom also they shouldnt be forced to do something that they do not want to do. Both psychologists argued that Freud got too involved and attached with his patients because Freud was there 7 days a week.Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic Approach to PsychologyFreud was the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology this is because he created a new approach to understanding how the human works and the human individual personality. Freud theory was the assured and unconscious look, he believed that behaviour and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness. The three different levels are conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind. Conscious mind includes everything that we are aware, every single moment. Preconscious mind represents ordinary memory. Unconscious mind reservoirs our feelings, thoughts, urge and memories that are outside out conscious awareness. The theory of the conscious and unconscious mind is done to show our feelings, motives and decisions which are actually influenced by previous/past experiences, which are stored in the pre-conscious and instincts from the unconscious.Freud later make a structural model of the mind which was called ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. The ID, EGO and SUPEREGO link to the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious mind. ID is the unconscious, EGO is the conscious and SUPEREGO is the pre-conscious and unconscious mind. Although these are not physical areas inwardly the brain theyre the process of important mental functions. Explanation of e ach stage is ID is driven by pleasure principles which strive us for immediate needs and desires, meaning that the person would be wanting things. Although the ID will try to resolve the tension created by pleasure. EGO and SUPEREGO, EGO is something that is developed through ID in the earlier stages of life, EGO is the component of your personality that deals with reality whereas SUPEREGO is developed a little later as it controls your guilt.For example, if someone wanted anew pair of blank space ID would kick in because the desire to have them shoes would rise, whereas EGO would have to face reality and realise that you might not have the money to get the shoes then SUPEREGO controls the guilt so then you would start regretting buying the shoes if for instants a family relatives birthday was coming up and now you dont have the money. EGO works on a reality principle meaning that it wants to please the ID but in a socially and realistic way, which some people deem as unacceptable . The reality principle contemplates the positive and negatives of an action depending on what it decides, it will either act upon the decision or completely desolate it. SUPEREGO is the basic rules and standards for good behaviour. The behaviours included would be those approved by parents and those in authority. The SUPEREGO goal is to improve and civilize our behaviour it tries to supress all the unacceptable urges that come from the ID. drool theory claims that the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO.Carl Ransom Rogers, Self-ActualizationAgain, the humanistic approach is how we look at an individual as a whole observing their behaviour and personality. Rogers was a psychotherapist, which is someone who treats people with mental disorders through psychology rather than medical means. After eld of work, Rogers compiled the Self-actualization theory which is the realisation of fulfilment of ones talents and potentials. Rogers says that peop le have two basic needs which are positive realize and self-worth. Positive regard is a sense of acceptance from other people and self-worth is feeling adequate. Our feelings of self-worth are important both to psychological health and we can achieve goals and ambitions in life to achieve self-actualization. Rogerss theory is that the individual is responsible for their own happiness and should not look towards others for it.He believed that a person is born with the desire to be and achieve the best they possibly can. Rogerss overall theory is about feeling good and mentally healthy therefore meaning a person is cable of resolving their own problems without looking towards others. His therapy was ineffective to those who were unconfident, unhappy and had a lack of self-esteem. So he studied on clients opposite to this, clients who were confident, happy and have a high level of self-esteem. His theory was known as Rogerian Counselling which was only effective on healthy mindedpeopl e which means it did not work on mental and physically damaged clients this only increased emotional problems such as depression, also the theory was more successful on children and young people. The theory key was communication, if the client wasnt fully communicating with Rogers it would not work, this proved the therapy ineffective to people with phobias.In conclusion Rogers theory of self-actualization teaches people to become self-sufficient upon their own actions rather than seeking it from other people. This proved that people naturally desire to be accepted regardless of what they do, however the bulk of people will only accept them dependent on whether or not they want to. Rogers self-actualization tries to help people understand their full potential and what they can achieve, also seek happiness for themselves without looking towards others for it. His theory helps people become more happier about themselves rather than looking for acceptance and happiness from others.

Environmental Sustainable Practices

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES confine Page Part 1 Investigate current practices in relative to option usage. Page Number 1. 1 Outline the government and regulatory bodies both multinationally, nationally and in Victoria that confound devised environmental laws. Explain what they do and what laws and regulations they energise enforced and outline each law and regulation briefly. 4,5 1. 2 Explain the economic consumption of the local government in devising environmental laws and regulations, look into your own local council and outline what laws and regulations they have implemented. 5 1. Briefly outline the role of Industry bodies in devising and managing environmental laws and regulations. 6 1. 4a) dissertate why plaques trace with environmental regulations and trounce practice. 6 1. 4b) Outline how disposals would go roughly assessing their compliance to environmental regulations and ruff practices, attach documentation that they would use to do this. 7 1. 4c) Explain how an governance would go about ontogeny an Environmental worry Plan, what is the purpose of the picture and what should be incorpo appraised in the visualise and how lead the plan be monitored? 7 1. d) Outline how judicatures would measure resource usage and what benefits such measures would bring about in the long term for the validation. 8 Part 2 Set targets for mendments Page Number 2. 1 Discuss why organizations need to engage and seek input from a wide verify of stakeholders when implementing powerful sustainable prepargon practices. 8 2. 2 Outline some of the key stakeholders that an nerve would seek input from and explain the type of input they would provide. 8 2. 3 Discuss the consultation methods that nerves gutter use to maximize the stakeholder feedback.What atomic number 18 the benefits or each? 9 2. 4 Outline external sources of development and data that an formation whitethorn access and how it could habituate the information to implement effective sustainable practices 9 2. 5 Outline the purpose of efficacy targets in implementing effective sustainable compute practices, and give examples of efficiency targets that an composition whitethorn implement. 10 2. 6 Discuss the merit of promoting efficiency targets to key stakeholders and how this may be undertaken by plaques. 10 Contents Page Part 3 Implement implementation cash advance practices Page Number 3. As go of the process, techniques and tools essential be applied to swear out employees with piece of domesticate procedures for implementing sustainable extend practices Discuss this statement and outline the techniques and tools an makeup may use, their purpose and when they would be relevant. 11 3. 2 Outline the purpose of environmental and resource efficiency amelioration plans and deal what they should incorporate. 12 3. 3 Explain the role of the supervision/team attracter in supervising and supporting team extremitys to invest attainable argonas of non-compliance and improved figure out practices. 12 3. Organisations argon now looking at incorporating wise accounting practices to completely reflect the value of the environment as an asset Outline the different costs recognized and when they may be used. 12,13 Part 4 Monitor performance Page Number 4. 1 Evaluating, supervise and reviewing be in-chief(postnominal) timbers in straight improvement cycle. The feedback, positive or negative, demonstrates whether the actions the organisation has taken to improve its environmental performance have had the in demand(p) furbish up Discuss the five steps organisations lowlife use to evaluate/monitor performance. 13 4. 2 Outline and explain how audit documentation and processes could be employed to monitor performance of organisations in implementing environmental sustainable practices. 14 4. 3 What methods could an organisation employ to go across the outcomes of audits on efficiency targets to key military group and stakeholders. 14 4. 4 Once the audit outcome have been reported peeled efficiency targets, tools and strategies should be set by organisations Explain why and how this is done. 14,15 4. 5 Monitoring performance may withal identify successful strategies. How and why should organisations go about promoting these and why is a necessary step to reward participants. 15 1. 1 The following are the regulatory bodies both international, national and at heart Victoria Kyoto protocol The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations example Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialised countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse hitman (GHG) emissions.The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. At an international level the Kyoto Protocol act to match that the global environment is nurseed and by devising an international agreement in which commits participating developed countries to reduce amounts of greenhouse shooter emissions being exposed to the environment they learn potential harm to the environment is minimised.The Kyoto Protocol is a regulation in which governments voluntarily ratify to agree to, although at once agreed, the country must comply with the national guidelines set or else heavy penalties apply. As countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions must occupy their targets primarily through and through national measures, as an additional means of meeting these targets, the Kyoto Protocol introduced three market-based mechanisms in which are known as the carbon market. The mechanisms are Emissions Trading, The Clean Development Mechanism and the Joint Implementation.The Kyoto mechanisms help stimulate su stainable development through technology transfer and investment, help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way and encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission decline efforts. Commonwealth Laws The Commonwealth laws are devised at the highest level of government in Australia, and the department in which administer these laws at a national level is the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.The department is prudent for implementing the Australian Governments policies to protect the environment and heritage, and to promote a sustainable way of life. There are five councils in which report to the department and administer legislations and acts to conserve the environment, these councils include National Environment rampart Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Ministerial Council on Energy, N ational Resource Management Ministerial Council and the Primary Industries Ministerial Council.Regulations in which the Department have implemented include the Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) mold 1981, this Act ensures the waters surrounding Australias coastlines are protected from wastes and pollutions that are dumped at sea. The Sea Dumping Act regulates the loading and dumping of waste at sea and fulfils Australias international obligations under the London Protocol to prevent marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter.In gild of magnitude to ensure the act is effective, permits are required from the department for all ocean disposal activities (these could include dumping of vessels, burials at sea etc). These permits are further analysed by the Department in order to ensure environmental measures are being considered and taken into action. Environment Protection Authority (EPA) The EPA is the department responsible for governing environmental laws in spit e of appearance Victoria, they provide acts which require organisations have to comply with and are responsible for monitoring and enforcement of a corporations environmental sustainability efforts.The State Environment Protection Policies (SEPPs) are subordinate legislations in which are do under the render of the (Environment Protection Act 1970) by the EPA. SEPPs take aways to provide safety to the environmental values and human activities that need protection in the state of Victoria from the effects of pollution and waste. Acts administered by the EPA include the Environment Protection Act 1970, Pollutions of Waters by oils and Noxious substances Act 1986 and the National Environment Protection Council (Victoria) Act 1995.The Environment Protection Act 1970 deals with the whole of the environment in a systematic and integrated approach with the basic philosophy of preventing pollution and environmental damage by picture environmental quality objectives and establishing prog rams to meet them. The Pollutions of Waters by oils and noxious substances Act 1970 is an Act jointly administered by the EPA and the Department of Transport and its main purpose is to protect the sea and other waters from pollution by oil and noxious substances.The National Environment Protection Council (Victoria) act 1995 establishes the National Environment Protection Council which comprises a Minister from the Commonwealth and each state and territory in Australia. The main objective of the National Environment Protection Council is to ensure people at bottom Australia are protected from air, water, noise and soil pollution through the implementation of major environment protection measures. 1. Role of the local government in devising environmental laws and regulations The role of the local government in notification to devising environmental laws and regulations is to assist organisations and the community to non only comply but also witness and develop sound environmental policies and procedures and ensure guidelines in place are followed in order to protect the environment. Environmental protection is a key role for local government in Australia and environmental management is a core function for all local governments.Local government across Australia has been active in greenhouse and Climate Change action for around a decade. Local government is uniquely placed to work closely with the community to facilitate greenhouse reduction and to provide leadership through greenhouse emission reductions in Council operations. As a member of the community at heart Preston the local council inside the area is Darebin city Council. Darebins Environment Policy states that Darebin Council will come in for its own operations to be ecologically, socially and economically sustainable and that it will be a sustainability promoting organisation within the Darebin community.The Policy identifies a number of Stretch Goals that provide the guiding framework for to a greater extent immediate targets, management and action which include zero(a) pollution, zero waste, zero habitat destruction, zero climate damage and zero soil degradation. In order to assist the community of Preston, Darebin City Council provides news earns, factsheets and brochures which act to promote sustainability practices to individuals within the community. observe TO adhesion 1 BROCHURE 1. 3 Industry bodiesThe role of industry bodies in relation to setting and managing environmental laws and regulations is to provide industries with possible work practices and guidelines in which organisations can adopt in becoming environmentally sustainable within their study. Industry bodies are developed to represent not only employees but also small and large dental plate organisations in implementing sustainable work practices in relation to complying with relevant Acts and Regulations within their business industry.Two industry bodies known within Australia are the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI). The ACTU is a union in which protects Australian workers and their families by providing support to workers in organisations financially and within their work environments. They ACTU work to represent employees rights at work within Australia and act as a middle band in voicing their problems and finding solutions in relation to the way their organisation work in their operations in becoming environmentally sustainable.The ACCIs policy agenda reflects the collective views, perceptions and concerns of Australian businesses whether they are a small business or a large scale organisation. They handle matters to assist and speak on behalf of these small or large scale businesses and are an authority in which act as the essential connection between industry, governments, regulators and influential policy forums. 1. 4a Organisation compliance It is essential that organisations comply with environme ntal regulations as the Acts and Regulations developed by governing bodies are bound laws in which require all organisations to follow.If organisations fail to comply with the relevant environmental regulations serious breaches could extend to future operations and furthermore reflect on the organisations image as a whole. It is common within Australian organisations today that stakeholders or an organisation have a vested interest in the way in which the organisation commit themselves in becoming environmentally sustainable through their work practices. If organisations do not comply with environmental regulations and outstrip practice, it also acts as a threat to the rganisations internal and external stakeholders. For example customers can discontinue purchasing the products and services the organisation provide due to the fact that they fail to comply with relevant environmental rules and regulations. Employees are the internal stakeholders who prefer to work for organisations that are environmentally responsible and dumbfound to rules and regulations therefore by an organisation committing themselves to acknowledge their impact on the environment they decrease the risk of losing important and needed stakeholders.Rules and regulations developed by regulatory bodies are developed in order to also safeguard the community as swell(p) as protect the environment, therefore an organisation in which resists complying with set rules and regulations pull in a negative image and are seen as a threat to the community. 1. 4b Organisations assessing their compliance In order to assess whether the organisation is complying with relevant environmental regulations and best practices they will need to assess which permits or licences that they may need and therefore will require to conduct an audit on their operations.An audit of the organisations operations must include the business activities, the size of the organisation in terms of human resources and premises, t heir current skill usage levels, the location of all its premises, the potential environmental impacts, the pollutants the organisation is likely to emit and proposed methods to minimise these pollutants, the disposal waste and proposed methods to minimise environmental damage and the lastly the organisations commitment to environmental sustainability in order to limit its ecological footprint.Once the audit is established, the organisation can then go to relevant authorities to assist with ensuring that the licences or permits obtained ensure compliance with relevant laws the organisation needs to interlock under. It is also best practice for an organisation to document their policies and procedures, address environmental obligations and demonstrate how it will reduce resource usage in order to ensure compliance with environmental legislations is consistent. 1. c Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plans are important as it allows an organisation to formally d ocument their policies and procedures in order to address their environmental obligations and further demonstrate exactly how they will reduce resource wastage. It is an effective tool to use when becoming an environmentally responsible organisation as they can also include guidelines in which the organisation plan to implement in order to increase their resource efficiency.In order for an organisation to develop an Environmental Management Plan they would firstly need to gather information from a variety of sources which may include examining the current procedures and systems the organisation has in place, examining the legal compliance requirements, researching environmental plans of competitors and other companies, seeking assistance of best practice guidelines from environmental regulators and surveying customers and other important stakeholders for their input.Secondly after relevant information is gathered, the organisation would need to analyse it and commit considerations in relation to whether the information is relevant in becoming environmentally sustainable. Once analysis has been conducted on relevant areas within the organisation, the coterminous step is for the organisation to start popular figureing ideas and information on the likely improvements that could assist the organisation in improving its ecological footprint and reducing resource usage.The information collated has to be documented in order for stakeholders to fully understand the suggested improvements through the Environmental Management Plan. In order for the plan to be monitored a monitoring report card can be used in order measure the progress of the report and informs management on how effective the plan is. 1. 4d Benefits of resource usage In order for an organisation to measure its resource usage an effective tool as mentioned earlier are audits.Audits can measure the manner in which the business conducts its activities and details the rate at which the organisation uses its resources. The benefit of conducting audits allows the employees and the organisation to survive aware of the current rate of resource usage and use these documents to compare future improvements. By documenting the rates at which the organisation uses their resources, it creates opportunities for future plans to be made in order to disappoint the organisations usage rates and develop effective strategies in order to become environmentally sustainable. . 1 Seeking input from stakeholders In order to implement effective sustainable work practices it is important to gain input from a range of stakeholders of an organisation. All stakeholders must be considered especially when considering or proposing innovation or remove within an organisation, as the changes implemented may impact stakeholders in different ways. It is important that key stakeholders are considered when implementing sustainable work practices as changes may impact these certain key stakeholders within the opera tions of the organisation.For example customers or clients need to be considered as they provide the income that sustains the organisation and therefore the changes in which the organisation aim to adopt within their operations in becoming environmentally sustainable may change the end product or service produced somehow. Therefore it is important to gain input from the proposed suggestions and ensure that all stakeholders are aware of changes in place. 2. 2 Key stakeholdersThe following is a list of key stakeholders in which an organisation would seek input from and the input they will provide Customers or clients They may be able to provide feedback in relation to what improvements the organisation can make in order to assist in building the organisations image on being flexible and outward-looking in order to become sustainable. -Suppliers Suppliers will be able to provide information on new products and systems that are environmentally sound.As suppliers rely on the organisatio n for income they will be work with the organisation to ensure it achieves its objectives of becoming environmentally sustainable. -Members within the work group or team As employees work internally within the organisations and handle the operations sector, feedback may be gathered on how the organisation can improve their operations in order to minimise resource usage. -Regulators such as the local council- They may provide suggestions on ways in which an organisation can decrease resource usage and how to improve work practices. . 3 Consultation methods A range of methods in which can be used in order to consult with stakeholders to maximise feedback are suggestion boxes provided within the workplace, these can give all employees the hazard to share their points of view on changes the organisation can adopt in becoming sustainable. Also forums for members of the community or shareholders to attend, forums allow members of the community or cute shareholders to openly comment on t he practices of the organisation and make further suggestions for improvements.Another consultation methods is by holding meeting with customers or suppliers, this creates an opportunity for customers or suppliers to provide feedback on particular procedures of processes the organisation has adopt and therefore discuss areas that may need improvements in order to enhance the image of the organisation. Another method in which organisations can use to consult and gather feedback with round is by distributing feedback surveys, this will enable staff to provide ideas or comment on how effective current work practices are within the organisation. 2. External sources of information External sources of information and data in which an organisation may access in order to identify how to utilise the information to implement effective sustainable practices are -Triple posterior line account An organisation can research how other organisations conduct triple bottom line reporting through a ccessing information via their corporate website. Organisations can access information about how similar organisations have implemented strategies, what targets they set and how they go about achieving those targets in relation to the environmental sustainability.By analysing what other organisation do, this helps gather ideas and concepts in which may be adapted within an organisations processes in becoming environmentally amicable and setting targets for future improvements. -Government and regulatory bodies Regulatory bodies can provide organisations with best practice guidelines in which can be used as effective measures when incorporating practices in order to enhance environmental sustainability within business operations. Industry associations Industry bodies will be able to also advise organisation on best practice guidelines in which they can use to implement sustainable practices.Industry associations may also regularly conduct seminars and training which could include v ital information for organisation to use such as how to set targets and improve sustainable practices. The seminars are most effective as they provide valuable information where industry experts often speak on the importance of environmental accountability and share real life solutions which can benefit the organisation when considering what practices to implement in order to become environmentally sustainable. 2. 5 Efficiency targets Efficiency targets are aspects in which an organisation overall aim to achieve.Organisations usually set efficiency targets after evaluating all energy efficiency ideas. The purpose of these targets when implementing effective sustainable work practices is that is gives an organisation direction in what they aim to achieve in becoming environmentally friendly. They outline the objectives in which the organisation aim to achieve in long term and are an example to all stakeholders of how the organisation is committed in setting changes through their wor k practices in order adopt to the changes of our natural environment.The targets set must be measurable, meaning organisations must ensure they can analyse how effectively they are operative towards achieving these targets. Efficiency targets demonstrate to not only internal stakeholders but also the community on how the organisation is committed to change and are willing to improve accordingly to current environmental impacts. Efficiency targets usually reflect the aims and objectives of the Environmental Plan of an organisation and are specific in relation to the organisations goals.An example of an efficiency target set by Linfox as is a 50% carbon reduction by 2015. Referring to task 20, I used Linfox as an example of an organisation in which set a target which is firstly measurable, provides direction for the organisation and is a symbol demonstrating their commitment in becoming environmentally sustainable. REFER TO ATTACHMENT 2 LINFOX EFFICIENCY TARGETS 2. 6 Promote efficie ncy targets The benefit of promoting efficiency targets to key stakeholders is gaining the support of these stakeholders where they can contribute to the overall uccess in which the organisation aim to achieve. By having support this enables organisations to effectively work towards the targets and objectives they set out to reach. By communicating the targets to relevant stakeholders this marks a further commitment by the organisation to improving its ecological footprint as the information is released to the public domain and acts as a motivator for the organisation to meet the targets in order to eliminate failure.Some methods which could be considered when communicating targets to relevant stakeholders within the internal environment of the organisation are internal newsletters, emails to internal parties from the Managing Director or CEO of the organisation, posters announcing the targets or staff meetings to create full awareness of the targets.In order to communicate the eff iciency targets set to external stakeholders (being clients or customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, government/regulatory bodies and local media) could be a letter from Managing Director/CEO announcing its new plan and efficiency targets set, an official launch, community consultation forums, within the annual report or on the organisations public website. 3. 1 Techniques and tools The statement clearly outlines the importance of using techniques and tools as they benefit employees by helping them gain an judgement of how to follow procedures in order to implement sustainable work practices.As employees play a vital role in helping the organisation achieve efficiency targets set, they must have a full understanding of the procedures in place in order to effectively commit themselves within work operations in becoming sustainable. In order for employees to gain a full understanding of the procedures in place, the following strategies, tools and techniques may be used -Envi ronmental Management Plans (EMP) They are a detailed plan in which can be used in order to source the ways in which issues can be addressed within the workplace.Employees can use their organisation EMP to address areas in relation to sustainability practices within their workplace and cross-reference the information with the organisations strategic and operational plan. -Policies and Procedures These are written documents which are directed at work place practices in which all employees must follow as a part of their duties in increasing resource efficiency. Checklists This is a useful tool when both examining or recording resources within the workplace, or recording energy usage rates when ensuring all environmental impacts identified in the workplace are considered within the Environmental Management Plan. Checklists allow organisations to identify what resources are being used constantly and remind employees of their responsibility to ensure they are adopting sustainable work pr actices within the organisation. REFER TO ATTACHMENT 3 EXAMPLE OF RESOURCE AUDIT CHECKLIST Training Training ensures employees are fully aware of the legislation relevant to their work practices within the organisation and are useful when educating employees on implementing the policies and procedures. Through training programs employees are able to gain a clear understanding of the importance of the organisations Environmental Management Plan and therefore are more likely to support the organisations attempts to meet its targets through sustainable work practices. Meetings Meetings are effective in delivering tools and techniques within the workplace as they can be used to introduce to employees new policies and procedures and also include an explanation on their relevance to the organisations objectives in becoming environmentally sustainable. The more in which time is delegated to educate employees this enhances the likeliness of achieving goals set. 3. 2 Resource efficiency imp rovement plans Environmental and resource efficiency improvement plans is a major part within the cycle of an organisations efforts to make continuous improvements.Resource efficiency plans are developed in order for work groups who operate within their sector to contribute in reaching their targets as a stepping stone in order to reach the overall objective set by the organisation. Environmental and resource efficiency improvement plans should incorporate legal requirements for execution this ensures legal compliance is fully understood by all stakeholders in correspondence to the duties of the workgroup.The improvement plans should also incorporate the adoption of policy by internal stakeholders, which promotes communication with employees in order to produce feedback, commitment and a greater sense of loyalty to the organisation. As well as acceptance of the policy by internal stakeholder the improvement plans must also have clearly defined reporting lines and areas of responsib ility where all components need to be allocated to a responsible officer in order to also ensure effective implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. 3. Role of supervision/team leader It is the role of supervision or team leaders to encourage and empower employees to suggest improvements within the workplace as a part of continuous improvement processes. As well as encouraging and empowering employees, supervisors should also work to improve environmental performance within workplace operation in relation to the organisations efforts in becoming sustainable. Opportunities for improvements can be recognised by supervisors by conducting audits to evaluate environmental performance for permits and licences.As organisations may need to apply or reapply for permits or licences, this allows supervisors to encourage staff to vocalize their ideas and ensure their observations are not going unnoticed. Another method supervisors could use in order to identify possible areas of non -compliance is by debriefing after breaches, by doing so this enables supervisors to develop a clear outline of reasons in which the issues arose. Furthermore they can gain information to ensure similar situations do not arise again during this process it is important for team members to be encouraged by team leaders or supervisors to voice their opinions and make suggestions.Another method in order for supervisors or team leaders to support team members to identify improved work practices is by holding periodical resource efficiency meetings. These meetings allow team members to openly make suggestions and initiate new ideas in order for possible changes to be adopted within the organisation to implement effective sustainable work practices. 3. 4 Costs Different costs in which could be recognised when organisations are incorporating accounting practices in becoming sustainable within the workplace are measure-cost accounting and full-cost accounting.Total-cost accounting is a met hod in which analyses the fixed costs in order to identify the total cost of production. When using this method it is evident that the costs vary according to the level of environmental resources being used within the workplace. Full-cost accounting differentiates in relation to the traditional method of cost, as it looks at all the costs in which go into the goods and services in which the organisation provide (including environmental sustainability development costs).This costing system incorporates the hidden costs such as environmental permits, operating costs such as equipment, contingency costs such as estimates of fines or penalties in case of breaches to the environment, outlays which are costs that may be incurred over a period of time and goodwill costs which are the costs that build the organisations image such as promoting the organisations recycling efforts. 4. 1 Evaluating/Monitoring PerformanceThe five steps in which organisation can use to evaluate and monitor their performance are as follows 1) Firstly the organisation must establish benchmarks this is the first step in evaluating the organisations performance. By establishing benchmarks it allows the organisation to decide on the performance tired in which they can use to further measure their results. Benchmarking is comparing the results of an organisations internal performance competitors performance and industry stocks in order to fit its success. ) The second step is measuring performance this is a simple step and can be done by using methods of non-compliance briefings, workplace inspections and compliance reviews. When organisations have systems in place in which gather data, it allows them to identify whether targets have been met, are in the progress of being met or have not been met at all. 3) The thirds step is checking the progress of the organisations performance against the efficiency targets been set.Once the performance of the organisation is measured, the organisation must then conduct a comparison between the real(a) performance against the standard which was established in relation to improvements in becoming environmentally sustainable through work practices. 4) The fourth step is investigation here reasons as to why targets have not been achieved are discovered. If the targets have been met then the underlying processes in which made the progression effective are established. This step enables organisations to develop recommendation for the next phase of evaluating performance being corrective action. ) Within the last phase corrective action, after having to review the measurement of the target and checking the progress as well as making further investigations, the organisation should be prepared to take corrective action in order to evaluate ways in which they can enhance their environmental performance. Aspects in which organisations need to consider when undertaking corrective action are whether there was enough data to make informed decisio ns, what the best corrective action is, how the action should be implemented and what targets should be set to ensure the corrective action is taken.The above steps are important and a major component of the continuous improvement cycle. It analyses possible mistakes made and is a part of the learning process for an organisation to further develop and alter its behaviour accordingly. 4. 2 Audit documentation Audit documentation could be employed to monitor performance of organisations in implementing environmental sustainable practices as it determines improvements in which an organisation can use in order to become environmentally sustainable within their work practices.By using am audit it contributes to an organisations efforts in making continuous improvements as it is used to revise the target progress and furthermore analyse recommendations in which could be used to assist an organisation in reaching targets. Organisations may use audit documentation within incident reports a nd also as reference material when analysing how effective they have been in reaching set targets.Audits assist organisations to decide on sustainable practices in which could be implemented within the workplace to improve environmental performance once conducted. REFER TO ATTACHMENT 4 AUDIT DOCUMENTATION 4. 3 Communicating outcomes It is important that organisations communicate to key personnel and stakeholders the outcome of audits in relation to efficiency targets being met, in order to communicate the outcomes this can be done through target efficiency reports or quarterly efficiency meetings.Target efficiency reports provide detailed information outlining the organisations actual achievements in comparison to the targets set. The reports demonstrate to key personnel and stakeholders whether the organisation is making progress in accordance to targets set or if improvements need to be implemented within work practices in relation to reaching efficiency targets and becoming envi ronmentally sustainable.Quarterly efficiency meeting are also an effective tool to communicate with stakeholders of the progress made by the organisation as the organisation will be able to outline within the meetings where possible improvements can be made and can highlight work groups that are under performing or performing to an excellent level. Also by holding efficiency meeting to discuss outcomes of audits on efficiency targets, here feedback can be gathered from employees or relevant stakeholders in order to contribute to changes in which can be adopted by the organisation to improve their environmental performance. . 4 New efficiency targets, tools and strategies New efficiency targets can be set for many reasons some of these reasons are due to the fact that organisations may have performed to an excellent standard that new targets need to be established, or an organisation may have found problems in their efforts in becoming innovative as there may have been gaps evident w ithin the procedures they implemented. Whether it be either of the above reasons, it is necessary for organisations to develop new targets and tools and strategies in order to reach these targets.Steps in which can be taken to create new targets are by -Conducting investigation on current work practices in place which may contribute to problems that may be faced when reaching the new target. -Analyse and evaluate the new efficiency target as well as make relevant recommendations. -Start to plan how the organisation will implement the processes in order to reach the new target. -Continuously monitor and evaluate the performance of the organisation in relation to the target set. REFER TO ATTCHMENT 5 EXAMPLE OF NEW EFFICIENCY TARGETS SET BY LINFOX 4. Promoting successful strategies It is an organisations responsibility to inform all stakeholders on the environmental, social and financial performance in which can be done through triple bottom line reporting. Triple bottom line reportin g is a popular form of reporting for organisations as it outlines environmental, social and financial performance. It demonstrates the organisations commitment to corporate social responsibilities and communicates to stakeholders how the organisation is reducing its ecological footprint through their strategies.REFER TO ATTACHMENT 6 TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE REPORTING LINFOX In order for an organisation to promote the performance of the organisation, this may be conducted through the organisations public website, annual reports, annual general meeting outcomes, brochures or through representation on industry and environment consultation committees. REFER TO ATTACHMENT 7 HOW LINFOX heighten PERFORMANCE As the organisation makes progress within their environmental performance in becoming sustainable, it is important that stakeholders in which contributed to these achievement are rewarded in order to make them feel valued for their efforts.It is important to reward relevant stakeholders a s they are the main reason in which the organisation have been successful in reaching efficiency targets and adopting to changes in becoming environmentally friendly. Methods in which can be used to reward important stakeholders are Through internal promotion By promoting employees who contribute to implementing processes, seeking solutions, suggesting improvement and overall making the strategy work within the organisation, it ensures employees are recognised as a valued member of the organisation through changes implemented. Internal newsletter an internal newsletter can be used in order to promote the success of the organisation when implementing the new strategy and can highlight teams and individuals in which have made important contributions to the organisations success in becoming environmentally sustainable.

The Tomb of Shihuangdi

THE TOMB OF SHIHUANGDI Assignment 1 The Tomb of Shihuangdi Anesha Fair (Davis) Professor Christina Trego HUM-111 November 4, 2012 Archeologists have unraveled the mysterious plan of the tomb of Shihuangdi. The tomb is a 2,200 historic period old structures, and famous for being the home of 7,000 terracotta horses and warriors. In addition the covering is 2. 13 square kilometers. The revelation of the structure is the greatest achievement in larn of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum in the past 40 years. Furthermore archeologist has discovered construction over hundreds of square kilometers and a little more than 600 tombs of those burned alive with the emperor. Workers began slam into the ground outside the city of Xian, China, to their greatest awakening archeologist discovered a large sized remains tomb poised and filled with thousands clay soldiers in battle position. The clay soldiers were also found with their facial expressions in a unique manner, and positioned according to thei r rank.The theory provided is the best one to explain. Such an final result impacted many lives and the mystery of The Tomb of Shihuangdi kept many people wondering. Taking a closer look into history Ying Zheng was the first Emperor of Qin. He took the throne in 246 B. C. Ying Zheng was 13 years of age. During the time of his rain he invasion the Great wall. After a short time period had occurred Ying Zheng began toiling many workers for his special project. Such a number as 700,000 on this project that would bring their life to a end.Furthermore the mystery of the tomb is filled with models of places, pavilions and officers as well as fire vessels valued stones and rarities. A mystery questioning why and what was the reason Ying Zheng deceived so many soldiers and trapping them into their death hiding models of palaces and precious stones of such, what was he really covering up? Questions only he could answer.References http//science. nationalgeographic. com/science/archaeology/ emperor-qin/ http//www. china. org. cn/english/culture/40333. htm

Alex Sanders

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM * How can Sam Glass taper and bring out Alex Sanders competencies so that he can contri furthere more effectively to the progress of his product team at Landon sustentation Products? * In what guidances can Landon Care Products Inc. restructure its 360 performance review such that it can help employees achieve their highest leadership potential? SWOT AnalysisSTRENGTHS * wild in his work and never wears out * talented and highly qualified * driven by his sense of achievement and brings results * upright learning ability and jealous power * undaunted by new challenges * appreciative of good work WEAKNESSES * pushy and demanding * short tempered * inflexible at work * expects everyone to work tally to his style of working * creates a stressful work atmosphere by asking people to work overtime OPPORTUNITIES * Has entrepreneurial ability, is a go getter, identifies and implements tasks in spite of appearance the given time frame and has passion for learn ing new skills and filling any gaps in knowledge. Using this skill, he has the opportunity to start his own palmy venture. * Possibility of improvementTaking his 360 item feedback positively, Alex may try to improve on his working style and motivate and mentor his team to help them work effectively. This will promote in creating a high performance team and would result in success of the rebranding project of Nourish. THREATS * Can lose his jobDue to his continued arrogance and over confidence, his 360 degree feedback could turn unfavorable to his cause he may lose a possible promotion or would have to leave the organization. * Efficiency of the team could be hampered Alexs team could crumble under constant work pressure and hostile work environment as created by Alex and would become lax or inefficient in their tasks. This might hamper the successful rebranding of the upcoming and crucial project of Nourish Economical condition European companies entering into the American skin c are and beauty segment. Cultural condition The takeover by a European company brought in changes in the work culture Detailed Analysis of the conundrum We can look at this from the perspective of Herzbergs two factor theory,Alex Sander accounts for almost all of the context factors such as Salary, supervision, etc. , but does not satisfy the content factors of motivation which involves recognition of achievement, responsibility and advancement. The absence of these caused de-motivation amongst the team members. Alex has high task orientation but low people orientation. notwithstanding he was able to prove himself with successfully re-branding two skin care products. chores in working style of Alex * He always used to come up with the right answer without involving the team which undermined a lot of people * Aggressive in nature * Expects the same output from his reportees and thus creates stressful atmosphere at workplace. * Glass concerns for AlexAlex asked Glass that he wanted to get into broader planning areas of the organization - making strategic decisions where he wanted to learn how the divisions products were formulate and building on that knowledge he wanted to understand the global market as well as the relative importance of the U. S. market. After a week Glass mentioned about this to Alex in a conversation where he mentioned to him that his feedback is contradicting in what he says and what he is doing. This problem was could turn into a very forged challenge for Sam where he has to find ways to deal with Alexs attitude issues which is creating a lot of problem for other team members (as reflected in close to of the inputs mentioned by his own team members in feedback) as he was aware about Alexs potential and wanted to retain him .So, he had to come up with a way to channel Alexs talent in the right way which would ensure success for product group in the long run. Problem with 360 performance review This was being conducted for the first ti me in the organization and a lot of people in the division are not watch on how this feedback is going to help with development or performance appraisal. There is a possibility that the results will be tainted in roughly way or other. Even Alex was least interested about this feedback and didnt want to waste his time on this exercise as he was aware as who would Sam ask for inputs about him. When he was hire by Sam he was asked to shake up the product team and entrap products quickly. Decision Criteria and alternating(a) Solutions Option 1-If company fires Alex?This option is not suitable because Alex is known to bring results to the projects and at present the company is at a crucial juncture, where successful launch of Nourish is very much needed. A new hire would take up time to get adjusted to the organization culture and may not bring results as quickly as expected. Option 2- If Alex starts his own entrepreneurial project (start-up), which gives him complete autonomy. Alex is known to demonstrate entrepreneurial instincts and work tirelessly on his own. He expects same direct of commitment and performance from his team and does not suffer inefficiencies. He might do well in his start-up initially but this is not a sustainable option because if Alexs working style does not change he is bound to create hostile feelings with his colleagues sooner or later.Option 3- A personality development and team building program for Alex 1. Alex should be made aware of the importance of the feedback process and needs to take his feedback in good light. 2. Alex should undergo some training in team building activities and should be encouraged to interact with his teammates more frequently. He should be trained to give some autonomy to his team and respect his fellow mates, which will result in high performance teams. 3. There should be continuous interactions between Alex and Senior level passenger cars whereby he can take up any grievances and also look for challen ging opportunities that will keep him motivated and satisfied. RecommendationsWe recommend company should choose to go for option 3 in the light of all the pros and cons mentioned above. Even Sam Glass knew that Alex was someone who would create waves in the organization but he had hired him because Alex was a potential candidate and therefore Sam was ready to compromise on this. Agreed, Alex has attitude and behavioral issues. But nevertheless being the youngest product manager he had proved his mettle by successfully rebranding two national skin care products. These issues can be resolved if Alex undergoes some training in team building activities. He is competent enough in technical skills but lacks in attitude, which can be set right if he is mentored accordingly.

Digital Fortress Chapter 3

Susans Volvo sedan rolled to a stop in the shadow of the ten-foot-high, barbed Cyclone fence. A young apology placed his hand on the roof.ID, please.Susan obliged and settled in for the usual half-minute wait. The officer ran her simple machined by means of a computerized scanner. Finally he looked up. Thank you, Ms. Fletcher. He gave an imperceptible sign, and the gate swung open.Half a mile ahead Susan repeated the full procedure at an equally imposing electrified fence. Come on, guys Ive only been through here a million times.As she approached the final checkpoint, a stocky sentry with two attack dogs and a machine gun glanced down at her license plate and waved her through. She followed Canine Road for another 250 yards and pulled into Employee Lot C. Unbelievable, she thought. Twenty-six thousand employees and a twelve-billion-dollar budget youd think they could make it through the week decision with proscribed me. Susan gunned the car into her reserved spot and killed the e ngine.After crossing the landscaped terrace and entering the main building, she cle bed two more internal checkpoints and finally arrived at the windowless cut into that led to the new wing. A voice-scan booth blocked her entry.NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) CRYPTO FACILITY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLYThe armed guard looked up. Afternoon, Ms. Fletcher.Susan smiled tiredly. Hi, John.Didnt hold back you today.Yeah, me neither. She leaned toward the parabolic microphone. Susan Fletcher, she stated clearly. The computer instantly confirmed the frequency concentrations in her voice, and the gate clicked open. She stepped through.The guard admired Susan as she began her walk down the cement causeway. He noticed that her strong hazel eyes seemed distant today, alone her cheeks had a flushed freshness, and her shoulder-length, auburn hair looked newly blown dry. Trailing her was the faint wrap of Johnsons Baby Powder. His eyes fell the length of her slender torso-to her white blouse with t he bra barely visible beneath, to her knee-length khaki skirt, and finally to her legs Susan Fletchers legs.Hard to imagine they promote a 170 IQ, he mused to himself.He stared after her a long time. Finally he move his head as she disappeared in the distance.As Susan reached the end of the tunnel, a circular, vaultlike door blocked her way. The enormous letters read crypto.Sighing, she placed her hand inside the recessed secret report box and entered her five-digit PIN. Seconds later the twelve-ton slab of steel began to revolve. She essay to focus, but her thoughts reeled back to him.David Becker. The only man shed incessantly loved. The youngest full professor at Georgetown University and a brilliant unusual-language specialist, he was practically a celebrity in the world of academia. Born with an eidetic memory and a love of languages, hed mastered six Asian dialects as well as Spanish, French, and Italian. His university lectures on etymology and linguistics were standin g-room only, and he invariably stayed late to answer a barrage of questions. He spoke with authority and enthusiasm, apparently oblivious to the adoring gazes of his star-struck coeds.Becker was dark-a rugged, youthful thirty-five with sharp greenness eyes and a wit to match. His strong jaw and taut features reminded Susan of carved marble. everywhere six feet tall, Becker moved across a squash court hurrying than any of his colleagues could comprehend. After soundly beating his opponent, he would cool off by dousing his head in a drinking fountain and alcoholic his tuft of thick, black hair. Then, still dripping, hed treat his opponent to a fruit shake and a bagel.As with all young professors, Davids university salary was modest. From time to time, when he needed to renew his squash club membership or restring his old Dunlop with gut, he earned extra money by doing translating work for government agencies in and around Washington. It was on one of those jobs that hed met Susan.I t was a crisp morning during fall break when Becker returned from a morning jog to his common chord-room faculty apartment to find his state machine blinking. He downed a quart of orange juice as he listened to the playback. The message was like many he received-a government agency requesting his translating function for a few hours later that morning. The only strange thing was that Becker had never heard of the organization.Theyre called the National Security Agency, Becker said, calling a few of his colleagues for background.The reply was of all time the same. You mean the National Security Council?Becker checked the message. No. They said Agency. The NSA.Never heard of em.Becker checked the GAO Directory, and it showed no listing either. Puzzled, Becker called one of his old squash buddies, an ex-political analyst turned research clerk at the Library of Congress. David was shocked by his friends explanation.Apparently, not only did the NSA exist, but it was considered one o f the most influential government organizations in the world. It had been gathering global electronic intelligence data and protecting U.S. classified information for over half a century. Only 3 percent of Americans were nonetheless aware it existed.NSA, his buddy joked, stands for No Such Agency. With a mixture of apprehension and curiosity, Becker accepted the mysterious agencys offer. He drove the thirty-s steady miles to their eighty-six-acre headquarters hidden discreetly in the wooded hills of Fort Meade, Maryland. After passing through eonian certification checks and being issued a six-hour, holographic guest pass, he was escorted to a plushy research facility where he was told he would spend the afternoon providing blind support to the Cryptography Division-an elite group of mathematical brainiacs known as the code-breakers.For the start hour, the cryptographers seemed unaware Becker was even there. They hovered around an enormous table and spoke a language Becker had n ever heard. They spoke of stream ciphers, self-decimated generators, knapsack variants, zero knowl progress protocols, unicity points. Becker observed, lost. They scrawled symbols on graph paper, pored over computer printouts, and continuously referred to the jumble of text edition on the overhead projector.JHdja3jKHDhmado/ertwtjlw+jgj3285jhalsfnHKhhhfafOhhdfgaf/fj37weohi93450s9djfd2h/HHrtyFHLf8930395jspjf2j0890Ihj98yhfi080ewrt03jojr845h0roq+jt0eu4tqefqe//oujw08UY0IH0934jtpwfiajer09qu4jr9guivjP$duw4h95pe8rtugvjw3p4e/ikkcmffuerhfgv0q394ikjrmg+unhvs9oerrk/0956y7u0poikIOjp9f8760qwerqiEventually one of them explained what Becker had already surmised. The scrambled text was a code-a cipher text-groups of add togethers and letters representing encrypted words. The cryptographers job was to study the code and extract from it the original message, or cleartext. The NSA had called Becker because they suspected the original message was written in mandarin orange tree Chinese he was to trans late the symbols as the cryptographers decrypted them.For two hours, Becker interpreted an endless stream of Mandarin symbols. But each time he gave them a translation, the cryptographers shook their heads in despair. Apparently the code was not making sense. Eager to help, Becker pointed out that all the characters theyd shown him had a common trait-they were also part of the Kanji language. Instantly the bustle in the room fell silent. The man in charge, a lanky chain-smoker named Morante, turned to Becker in disbelief.You mean these symbols have multiple meanings?Becker nodded. He explained that Kanji was a Japanese writing system based on modified Chinese characters. Hed been giving Mandarin translations because thats what theyd asked for.Jesus Christ. Morante coughed. Lets try the Kanji.Like magic, everything fell into place.The cryptographers were duly impressed, but nonetheless, they still make Becker work on the characters out of sequence. Its for your own safety, Morante sa id. This way, you wont know what youre translating.Becker laughed. Then he noticed nobody else was laughing.When the code finally broke, Becker had no idea what dark secrets hed helped reveal, but one thing was for certain-the NSA took code-breaking seriously the check in Beckers pocket was more than an entire months university salary.On his way back out through the series of security check points in the main corridor, Beckers exit was blocked by a guard hanging up a phone. Mr. Becker, wait here, please.Whats the problem? Becker had not judge the meeting to take so long, and he was running late for his standing Saturday afternoon squash match.The guard shrugged. Head of Crypto wants a word. Shes on her way out now.She? Becker laughed. He had yet to see a female inside the NSA.Is that a problem for you? a womans voice asked from behind him.Becker turned and immediately felt himself flush. He eyed the ID card on the womans blouse. The head of the NSAs Cryptography Division was not on ly a woman, but an attractive woman at that.No, Becker fumbled. I exclusivelySusan Fletcher. The woman smiled, holding out her slender hand.Becker took it. David Becker.Congratulations, Mr. Becker. I hear you did a fine job today. Might I chat with you roughly it?Becker hesitated. Actually, Im in a bit of a rush at the moment. He hoped spurning the worlds most powerful intelligence agency wasnt a foolish act, but his squash match started in forty-five transactions, and he had a reputation to uphold David Becker was never late for squash class maybe, but never squash. Ill be brief. Susan Fletcher smiled. Right this way, please.Ten minutes later, Becker was in the NSAs commissary enjoying a popover and cranberry juice with the NSAs lovely head cryptographer, Susan Fletcher. It readily became evident to David that the thirty-eight-year-olds high-ranking position at the NSA was no fluke-she was one of the brightest women he had ever met. As they discussed codes and code-breaking, Be cker found himself struggling to keep up-a new and exciting experience for him.An hour later, after Becker had obviously missed his squash match and Susan had blatantly ignored three pages on the intercom, both of them had to laugh. on that point they were, two highly analytical minds, presumably immune to irrational infatuations-but somehow, while they sat there discussing linguistic morphology and pseudo-random number generators, they felt like a couple of teenagers-everything was fireworks.Susan never did get around to the real reason shed wanted to speak to David Becker-to offer him a trial mooring in their Asiatic Cryptography Division. It was clear from the passion with which the young professor spoke about teaching that he would never leave the university. Susan decided not to ruin the mood by talking business. She felt like a schoolgirl all over again nothing was going to spoil it. And nothing did.Their suit of clothes was slow and romantic-stolen escapes whenever their s chedules permitted, long walks through the Georgetown campus, late-night cappuccinos at Merluttis, occasional lectures and concerts. Susan found herself laughing more than shed ever thought possible. It seemed there was nothing David couldnt twist into a joke. It was a welcome release from the intensity of her post at the NSA.One crisp, autumn afternoon they sat in the bleachers watching Georgetown soccer get pummeled by Rutgers.What maneuver did you say you play? Susan teased. Zucchini?Becker groaned. Its called squash.She gave him a dumb look.Its like zucchini, he explained, but the courts smaller.Susan pushed him.Georgetowns left wing sent a corner-kick sailing out of bounds, and a boo went up from the crowd. The defensemen hurried back downfield.How about you? Becker asked. Play any sports?Im a black belt in Stairmaster.Becker cringed. I prefer sports you can win.Susan smiled. Overachiever, are we?Georgetowns star defenseman blocked a pass, and there was a communal cheer in the stands. Susan leaned over and whispered in Davids ear. Doctor.He turned and eyed her, lost.Doctor, she repeated. ordain the start thing that comes to mind.Becker looked doubtful. Word associations?Standard NSA procedure. I need to know who Im with. She eyed him sternly. Doctor.Becker shrugged. Seuss.Susan gave him a frown. Okay, try this one kitchen. He didnt hesitate. Bedroom.Susan arched her eyebrows coyly. Okay, how about this cat. Gut, Becker pink-slipped back.Gut?Yeah. Catgut. Squash racquet string of champions.Thats pleasant. She groaned.Your diagnosis? Becker inquired.Susan thought a minute. Youre a childish, sexually frustrated squash fiend.Becker shrugged. Sounds about right.It went on like that for weeks. Over dessert at all-night diners Becker would ask endless questions.Where had she learned maths?How did she end up at the NSA?How did she get so captivating?Susan blushed and admitted shed been a late bloomer. gangling and awkward with braces through her late teens, Susan said her Aunt Clara had once told her Gods apology for Susans plainness was to give her brains. A premature apology, Becker thought.Susan explained that her interest in cryptanalysis had started in junior high school. The president of the computer club, a towering eighth grader named frankfurter Gutmann, typed her a love poem and encrypted it with a number-substitution scheme. Susan begged to know what it said. Frank flirtatiously refused. Susan took the code home and stayed up all night with a flashlight under her covers until she figured out the secret-every number represented a letter. She guardedly deciphered the code and watched in wonder as the seemingly random digits turned magically into beautiful poetry. In that instant, she knew shed fallen in love-codes and cryptography would break down her life.Almost twenty years later, after getting her masters in mathematics from Johns Hopkins and studying number theory on a full scholarship from MIT, she submitted her doct orial thesis, Cryptographic Methods, Protocols, and Algorithms for Manual Applications. Apparently her professor was not the only one who read it shortly afterward, Susan received a phone call and a tied(p) ticket from the NSA.Everyone in cryptography knew about the NSA it was home to the best cryptographic minds on the planet. Each spring, as the private-sector firms descended on the brightest new minds in the workforce and offered indecent salaries and stock options, the NSA watched carefully, selected their targets, and then simply stepped in and doubled the best standing offer. What the NSA wanted, the NSA bought. Trembling with anticipation, Susan flew to Washingtons Dulles International Airport where she was met by an NSA driver, who whisked her off to Fort Meade.There were forty-one others who had received the same phone call that year. At twenty-eight, Susan was the youngest. She was also the only female. The visit turned out to be more of a world relations bonanza and a barrage of intelligence testing than an informational session. In the week that followed, Susan and six others where invited back. Although hesitant, Susan returned. The group was immediately separated. They underwent individual polygraph tests, background searches, handwriting analyses, and endless hours of interviews, including taped inquiries into their sexual orientations and practices. When the interviewer asked Susan if shed ever engaged in sex with animals, she almost walked out, but somehow the mystery carried her through-the prospect of working on the cutting edge of code theory, entering The Puzzle Palace, and becoming a member of the most secretive club in the world-the National Security Agency.Becker sat riveted by her stories. They rattling asked you if youd had sex with animals?Susan shrugged. Part of the routine background check.Well Becker fought off a grin. What did you say?She kicked him under the table. I told them no Then she added, And until last night, it was true.In Susans eyes, David was as close to perfect as she could imagine. He only had one unfortunate quality every time they went out, he insisted on picking up the check. Susan scorned seeing him lay down a full days salary on dinner for two, but Becker was immovable. Susan learned not to protest, but it still bothered her. I make more money than I know what to do with, she thought. I should be paying.Nonetheless, Susan decided that aside from Davids outdated sense of chivalry, he was ideal. He was compassionate, smart, funny, and best of all, he had a sincere interest in her work. Whether it was during trips to the Smithsonian, bike rides, or burning spaghetti in Susans kitchen, David was perpetually curious. Susan answered what questions she could and gave David the general, unclassified overview of the National Security Agency. What David heard delight him.Founded by President Truman at 1201 a.m. on November 4, 1952, the NSA had been the most clandestine intelligence agency in the world for almost fifty years. The NSAs seven-page inception philosophy laid out a very concise agenda to protect U.S. government communications and to intercept the communications of foreign powers.The roof of the NSAs main operations building was littered with over five hundred antennas, including two large radomes that looked like enormous golf balls. The building itself was mammoth-over two million square feet, in two ways the size of CIA headquarters. Inside were eight million feet of telephone wire and eighty thousand square feet of permanently sealed windows.Susan told David about COMINT, the agencys global reconnaissance division-a impressive collection of listening posts, satellites, spies, and wiretaps around the globe. Thousands of communiques and conversations were intercepted every day, and they were all sent to the NSAs analysts for decryption. The FBI, CIA, and U.S. foreign policy advisors all depended on the NSAs intelligence to make their decisions.Becker was mesmerized. And code-breaking? Where do you fit in?Susan explained how the intercepted transmissions often originated from dangerous governments, hostile factions, and terrorist groups, many of whom were inside U.S. borders. Their communications were usually encoded for secrecy in case they ended up in the wrong hands-which, give thanks to COMINT, they usually did. Susan told David her job was to study the codes, break them by hand, and furnish the NSA with the deciphered messages. This was not entirely true.Susan felt a pang of guilt over trickery to her new love, but she had no choice. A few years ago it would have been accurate, but things had changed at the NSA. The whole world of cryptography had changed. Susans new duties were classified, even to many in the highest echelons of power.Codes, Becker said, fascinated. How do you know where to start? I mean how do you break them?Susan smiled. You of all people should know. Its like studying a foreign language. At first the text looks like gibberish, but as you learn the rules defining its structure, you can start to extract meaning.Becker nodded, impressed. He wanted to know more.With Merluttis napkins and concert programs as her chalkboard, Susan set out to give her charming new pedagogue a mini course in cryptography. She began with Julius Caesars perfect square cipher box.Caesar, she explained, was the first code-writer in history. When his foot-messengers started getting ambushed and his secret communiques stolen, he devised a rudimentary way to encrypt this directives. He rearranged the text of his messages such that the correspondence looked senseless. Of course, it was not. Each message continuously had a letter-count that was a perfect square-sixteen, twenty-five, one hundred-depending on how much Caesar needed to say. He secretly informed his officers that when a random message arrived, they should transcribe the text into a square grid. If they did, and read top-to-bottom, a secret message woul d magically appear.Over time Caesars concept of rearranging text was adopted by others and modified to puzzle more difficult to break. The pinnacle of non computer-based encryption came during World War II. The Nazis built a baffling encryption machine named Enigma. The device resembled an old-fashioned typewriter with brass conflict rotors that revolved in intricate ways and shuffled cleartext into confounding arrays of seemingly senseless character groupings. Only by having another Enigma machine, calibrated the exact same way, could the recipient break the code.Becker listened, spellbound. The teacher had become the student.One night, at a university performance of The Nutcracker, Susan gave David his first basic code to break. He sat through the entire intermission, pen in hand, puzzling over the eleven-letter messageHL FKZC VD LDSFinally, just as the lights dimmed for the second half, he got it. To encode, Susan had simply replaced each letter of her message with the letter pr eceding it in the alphabet. To decrypt the code, all Becker had to do was shift each letter one space forward in the alphabet-A became B, B became C, and so on. He quickly shifted the remaining letters. He never imagined four little syllables could make him so happyIM GLAD WE METHe quickly scrawled his response and handed it to herLD SNNSusan read it and beamed.Becker had to laugh he was thirty-five years-old, and his heart was doing back flips. Hed never been so attracted to a woman in his life. Her delicate European features and soft brown eyes reminded him of an ad for Estee Lauder. If Susans body had been lanky and awkward as a teenager, it sure wasnt now. Somewhere along the way, she had developed a gracile grace-slender and tall with full, firm breasts and a perfectly flat abdomen. David often joked that she was the first swimsuit model hed ever met with a doctorate in applied mathematics and number theory. As the months passed, they both started to suspect theyd found somethi ng that could last a lifetime.Theyd been together almost two years when, out of the blue, David proposed to her. It was on a weekend trip to the Smoky Mountains. They were lying on a big canopy bed at Stone Manor. He had no ring-he just blurted it out. Thats what she loved about him-he was so spontaneous. She kissed him long and hard. He took her in his arms and slipped off her nightgown.Ill take that as a yes, he said, and they made love all night by the warmth of the fire.That magical evening had been six months ago-before Davids unexpected promotion to chairman of the Modern Language Department. Their relationship had been in a downhill slide ever since.